1z0-1109-23 Questions and Answers

The way that customers can rotate their master encryption keys in the OCI Vault service is by creating a new Key Version. A Key Version is an instance of a Vault managed key that has its own unique OCID and metadata. Customers can create a new Key Version for their Vault managed key at any time, which will generate a new encryption key material for that key. Customers can also specify which Key Version they want to use as the current Key Version for encrypting and decrypting secrets. Verified References: [Rotating Keys - Oracle Cloud Infrastructure Vault], [Creating Key Versions - Oracle Cloud Infrastructure Vault]

Explanation

The OCI service that can help automate the provisioning of a new environment is OCI Resource Manager. OCI Resource Manager is a service provided by Oracle Cloud Infrastructure that enables you to automate the process of provisioning, updating, and managing infrastructure resources. It allows you to define your infrastructure as code using tools like Terraform, and then use Resource Manager to create and manage stacks. Stacks are the deployment units that contain the infrastructure resources defined in your code. By leveraging OCI Resource Manager, you can automate the provisioning of a new production environment by defining the required infrastructure resources in a stack using Terraform code. Resource Manager will then handle the creation and management of these resources, ensuring that your environment is provisioned consistently and according to the de-fined infrastructure as code. Therefore, OCI Resource Manager is the recommended service to automate the provisioning of a new environment in Oracle Cloud Infrastructure.

Explanation

The two recommendations to consider for developing a web app that supports users on mobile browsers and native mobile applications, and is easily upgradable, independently deployable, and resilient to failures are: Use independent services: By adopting a microservices architecture, you can break down the web app into smaller, loosely coupled services that can be developed, deployed, and upgraded independently. Each service can focus on a specific functionality or feature of the web app, allowing for easier maintenance, scalability, and resilience to failures. This approach enables you to replace or update individual services without impacting the entire web app. Avoid long duration commitment to a technology stack: By using a microservices architecture, you can avoid long-term commitments to a specific technology stack. Each microservice can be developed using the most suitable technology or programming language for its specific requirements. This flexibility allows you to leverage the latest technologies and frameworks, adapt to changing needs, and take advantage of advancements in the development ecosystem. It also reduces the risk of being locked into a technology stack that may become outdated or less effective over time. Building the web app as one monolithic unit would not provide the desired modularity, independent deployment, and upgradability. Container technology, such as Docker, can be used in conjunction with the recommended microservices architecture to provide a consistent and portable deployment mechanism, but it is not a standalone recommendation in this case.

Explanation

The two correct explanations for the difference between Ansible and Terraform are: Ansible auto-mates software installation and application deployment, while Terraform manages infrastructure as code. This highlights the primary focus of each tool. Ansible is mainly used for automating tasks related to software installation, application deployment, and configuration management. It is well-suited for managing the software stack and ensuring consistency across systems. On the other hand, Terraform specializes in infrastructure provisioning and management, allowing users to define and manage their infrastructure resources using code. Ansible focuses on infrastructure configuration, while Terraform specializes in infrastructure provisioning. This highlights the different aspects of infrastructure management that each tool addresses. Ansible is designed to handle configuration management tasks, such as setting up software, managing files, and applying configuration changes across systems. It excels at ensuring the desired state of the infrastructure. In contrast, Terraform is focused on provisioning infrastructure resources, such as virtual machines, networks, and storage. It provides a way to define and manage these resources in a declarative manner, allowing for infra-structure as code. It's worth noting that while Ansible is supported and provided by OCI as a con-figuration management tool, Terraform is a third-party tool that has gained popularity for managing infrastructure across multiple cloud providers, including OCI.

The primary benefits of DevOps tools are to improve the efficiency of IT operations by automating routine tasks and eliminating manual processes, and to automate the software development lifecycle to increase production speed and consistency. DevOps tools enable collaboration between developers and operations teams, streamline workflows, reduce errors, enhance security, and enable continuous integration and delivery of software. Verified References: [DevOps - Oracle Cloud Infrastructure Developer Tools], [DevOps Tools - Oracle Cloud Infrastructure Developer Tools]

Explanation

The DevOps lifecycle is a multi-phased development cycle that focuses on rapid-release and continuous delivery to unite team infrastructure and maximize the quality of software. It encompasses the collaboration between development and operations teams, emphasizing communication, automation, and continuous improvement. The DevOps lifecycle typically includes the following phases: Plan: Teams identify business goals, plan feature development, and prioritize tasks. Code: Developers write code and apply version control practices to manage changes. Build: The code is built into executable artifacts, which are often stored in a repository. Test: Automated testing is performed to validate the functionality and quality of the software. Deploy: The software is deployed to the target environment, following consistent and repeatable processes. Operate: The application is monitored and managed in the production environment, with continuous feedback loops. Monitor: Metrics and logs are collected to monitor performance, identify issues, and optimize the system. By adopting the DevOps lifecycle, businesses can benefit in several ways: Increased efficiency: Automation and collaboration reduce manual efforts, enabling faster and more reliable software delivery. Faster time to market: Continuous integration and continuous delivery (CI/CD) practices enable frequent releases, allowing businesses to quickly respond to market demands. Improved quality: Continuous testing and feedback loops help catch and address issues earlier in the development cycle, improving the overall quality of the software. Enhanced collaboration: DevOps promotes cross-functional collabo-ration, breaking down silos between development, operations, and other teams, leading to better communication and alignment. Greater stability and reliability: Continuous monitoring and feed-back loops help identify and resolve issues proactively, resulting in more stable and reliable systems. Scalability and flexibility: DevOps practices enable businesses to scale their infrastructure and adapt to changing requirements more easily. Overall, the DevOps lifecycle helps businesses succeed by fostering a culture of collaboration, automation, and continuous improvement, leading to faster de-livery, higher quality software, and better alignment between teams.

Explanation

The correct answer is: OCI DevOps helps with deployment delays by ensuring rapid and continuous integration and delivery through CI/CD pipelines. Oracle Cloud Infrastructure (OCI) DevOps pro-vides a set of tools and services that support the implementation of DevOps practices. One of the key capabilities of OCI DevOps is enabling rapid and continuous integration and delivery through CI/CD (Continuous Integration/Continuous Delivery) pipelines. CI/CD pipelines automate the build, testing, and deployment processes, allowing developers to quickly and efficiently deliver software updates and new features. By using OCI DevOps, companies can streamline their development and deployment processes, reducing deployment delays and improving their ability to keep up with competitors. OCI DevOps provides features such as source code management, build automation, artifact management, and release automation, all of which contribute to faster and more re-liable software delivery.

The next step to ensure a secure and reliable deployment after completing code analysis, image scanning, and automated testing is to add a control stage approval within the deployment pipeline. A control stage approval is a stage in the OCI DevOps Deployment Pipeline that allows you to pause the pipeline execution and require manual approval before proceeding to the next stage. You can use a control stage approval to perform additional checks, such as reviewing the test results, verifying the deployment environment, or validating the compliance requirements. By adding a control stage approval, you can reduce the risk of deploying faulty or unauthorized code to production. Verified References: [Control Stage Approval - Oracle Cloud Infrastructure DevOps], [Creating Control Stage Approvals - Oracle Cloud Infrastructure DevOps]

To securely authenticate and store your Docker image in a private Docker registry in OCI, you need to create and use an Auth Token. An Auth Token is a secure, encrypted token that you can use to authenticate with OCI services such as Container Registry. You can use the Auth Token as your password when you log in to Container Registry using the Docker CLI. You can also use the Auth Token to access other OCI services such as Object Storage and Compute. Verified References: [Pushing and Pulling Images - Oracle Cloud Infrastructure Registry], [Auth Tokens - Oracle Cloud Infrastructure Identity and Access Management]

Explanation

The correct approach to upgrade an Oracle Container Engine for Kubernetes (OKE) cluster to a newer version of Kubernetes is to first upgrade the control plane and then upgrade the node pools. Here are the steps to follow: Upgrade the control plane: Initiate the upgrade process for the control plane using the OCI Console, CLI, or API. This upgrade will update the Kubernetes control plane components running in the master nodes of the cluster. Upgrade the node pools: After the control plane upgrade is completed, you can proceed to upgrade the node pools. A node pool is a set of worker nodes within the cluster. You can upgrade the node pools one at a time or simultaneously, depending on your requirements and cluster configuration. By following this approach, you ensure that the control plane is upgraded first, which ensures compatibility and stability with the new version of Kubernetes. Afterward, you can upgrade the node pools to ensure all worker nodes are running the latest version of Kubernetes. It is important to note that before performing any upgrades, it is recommended to review the release notes and upgrade documentation provided by Oracle for any specific instructions or considerations related to the version you are upgrading to. Reference: https://docs.oracle.com/en-us/iaas/Content/ContEng/Concepts/contengaboutupgradingclusters.htm

The statement that is true about managing cluster add-ons in OCI OKE Cluster is that when creating a new cluster, essential cluster add-ons cannot be disabled. A cluster add-on is a software component that provides additional functionality or integration for your OKE cluster. OCI OKE Cluster supports two types of cluster add-ons: essential and optional. Essential cluster add-ons are required for your cluster to function properly and cannot be disabled or customized. These include CoreDNS, Kubernetes Dashboard, Metrics Server, and WebLogic Operator. Optional cluster add-ons are not required for your cluster to function but provide additional features or benefits. These include Kiali Operator, Istio Operator, Vault Agent Injector, and Vault KMS Plugin. You can enable or disable optional cluster add-ons as per your needs. Verified References: [Cluster Add-Ons - Oracle Cloud Infrastructure Container Engine for Kubernetes], [Managing Cluster Add-Ons - Oracle Cloud Infrastructure Container Engine for Kubernetes]

Explanation

OCI DevOps deployment pipelines can work across OCI regions. From a single deployment pipe-line, deployments can be executed into multiple regions, in parallel or sequentially. To efficiently deploy an application in the Japan Central (ap-osaka-1) region using an existing deployment pipeline set up in the US East (us-ashburn-1) region, the recommended approach is: Deploy directly in ap-osaka-1 from the us-ashburn-1 deployment pipeline. OCI DevOps allows you to deploy applications across regions, and you can leverage this capability to deploy your application in a different region than where the deployment pipeline is set up. You can configure the deployment stage in your deployment pipeline to target the ap-osaka-1 region, specifying the appropriate resources and settings for deployment in that region. This way, you can achieve efficient deployment to the desired region without the need to create a separate deployment pipeline. The other options mentioned are not the most efficient approaches: Creating another deployment pipeline in ap-osaka-1: While it is possible to create another deployment pipeline in the ap-osaka-1 region, it would introduce additional complexity and management overhead. It is more efficient to leverage the existing deployment pipeline and configure it to deploy in the desired region. Deploying the application in us-ashburn-1 and duplicating it in ap-osaka-1: This approach would involve deploying the application separately in both regions, which can lead to duplication of efforts and increased maintenance complexity. It is more efficient to use a single deployment pipeline and configure it to deploy in the target region directly.

Explanation

The prerequisite for creating a secret in Oracle Cloud Infrastructure Vault service is to have a Vault managed key to encrypt the secret. Explanation: Oracle Cloud Infrastructure Vault service provides a secure and centralized location for storing secrets such as passwords, API keys, and other sensitive information. When creating a secret in Vault, one of the prerequisites is to have a Vault man-aged key. The Vault managed key is used to encrypt the secret data, ensuring its confidentiality and security. By utilizing a Vault managed key, the secret can be securely stored and managed within the Oracle Cloud Infrastructure Vault service.

Explanation

The connection option that is NOT valid for connecting to an Oracle Autonomous Transaction Pro-cessing (ATP) Database from Oracle Container Engine for Kubernetes (OKE) is: Enable Oracle REST Data Services for the required schemas and connect via HTTPS. Enabling Oracle REST Data Services (ORDS) is not a valid method for connecting to an ATP Database from OKE. ORDS is a tool that allows you to create RESTful web services against Oracle databases. However, it is not the recommended method for establishing a connection between a containerized application in OKE and an ATP Database. The other three options mentioned are valid approaches: Creating a Kuber-netes secret with contents from the ATP instance Wallet files: This allows you to securely store and use the necessary credentials to connect to the ATP Database in your application's deployment man-ifest. Using Kubernetes secrets to configure environment variables on the container with ATP in-stance OCID and OCI API credentials: This approach allows you to set environment variables with-in your application container to provide the necessary connection details to the ATP Database. In-stalling the OCI Service Broker and deploying serviceinstance and ServiceBinding resources for ATP: The OCI Service Broker simplifies the process of provisioning and managing Oracle Cloud Infrastructure (OCI) services, including ATP, from within Kubernetes. This option allows you to create a service binding that provides the necessary connection information to your application as a volume in the deployment manifest. These options provide more direct and secure connections be-tween the containerized application in OKE and the ATP Database, ensuring proper integration and data access.

To create stages for an OKE deployment pipeline in OCI DevOps, you can add the following stages:

• Add a stage to deploy based on Blue-Green strategy or Canary strategy to OKE environment. A Blue-Green strategy is a deployment technique that involves creating two identical environments (blue and green) and switching traffic between them after testing. A Canary strategy is a deployment technique that involves releasing a new version of the application to a subset of users (canaries) and monitoring their feedback before rolling out to the rest of the users. You can use these strategies to reduce downtime, minimize risk, and improve user experience.
• Add a stage to apply the Kubernetes manifest to the Kubernetes cluster. A Kubernetes manifest is a YAML or JSON file that defines the desired state of your Kubernetes resources, such as pods, services, deployments, etc. You can use this stage to apply the manifest file to your OKE cluster using kubectl or helm commands. Verified References: [Deployment Strategies - Oracle Cloud Infrastructure DevOps], [Applying Kubernetes Manifests - Oracle Cloud Infrastructure DevOps]

Explanation

The correct Ansible AdHoc command to update to the newest version of Apache on all defined web servers is: $ ansible webservers -m yum -a "name=httpd state=latest" In this command: "ansi-ble" is the command to execute Ansible. "webservers" is the name of the group defined in the inven-tory file that includes all the web servers. "-m yum" specifies the module to use, which in this case is "yum" for package management. "-a" is used to pass arguments to the module. "name=httpd" speci-fies the name of the package to update, in this case, "httpd" (Apache). "state=latest" instructs Ansi-ble to update the package to the latest version available. By running this command, Ansible will connect to each server in the "webservers" group and use the "yum" module to update the "httpd" package to the latest version.

Explanation

The possible problem that caused the failure of the managed build stage in an Oracle Cloud Infra-structure (OCI) DevOps Build Pipeline could be that a vault secret has an incorrect OCID assigned to it. In the context of the question, the issue is related to the code repository not being accessible. This suggests that there might be a problem with the authentication or credentials used to access the code repository. One possible cause is that a vault secret, which typically stores sensitive information such as credentials or access tokens, has an incorrect OCID (Oracle Cloud Identifier) as-signed to it. If the secret's OCID is incorrect or doesn't match the expected value, it can result in authentication failures and the inability to access the code repository, leading to a pipeline failure. To resolve this issue, the administrator or developer should verify the OCID assigned to the vault secret and ensure it is correct. They should also check the code repository configuration and ensure that the correct credentials are being used to access the repository.

The statements that are true for scaling an OKE cluster to meet growing demand are:

• Enable autoscaling by autoscaling Pods by deploying Kubernetes Autoscaler to collect resource metrics from each worker node in the cluster. Pod autoscaling is a feature that allows you to adjust the number of pods in a deployment or replica set based on the CPU or memory utilization of the pods. You can use Kubernetes Autoscaler, which is an add-on component that you can install on your OKE cluster, to collect resource metrics from each worker node and scale the pods up or down accordingly.
• Enable cluster autoscaling by autoscaling node pools by deploying the Kubernetes Autoscaler to automatically resize a cluster’s node pools based on application workload demands. Cluster autoscaling is a feature that allows you to adjust the number of nodes in a node pool based on the pod requests and limits of the pods running on the nodes. You can use Kubernetes Autoscaler, which is an add-on component that you can install on your OKE cluster, to monitor the pod requests and limits and scale the node pools up or down accordingly.
• Scale a node pool up and down to change the number of worker nodes in the node pool, and the availability domains and subnets in which to place them. A node pool is a group of worker nodes within an OKE cluster that share the same configuration, such as shape, image, subnet, etc. You can use OCI Console, CLI, or API to scale a node pool up and down by adding or removing worker nodes from it. You can also change the availability domains and subnets for your node pool to distribute your nodes across different fault domains. Scaling a node pool allows you to adjust your cluster capacity according to your application workload demands. Verified References: [Scaling Clusters - Oracle Cloud Infrastructure Container Engine for Kubernetes], [Scaling Node Pools - Oracle Cloud Infrastructure Container Engine for Kubernetes]

Explanation

The difference between continuous deployment and continuous delivery in the DevOps lifecycle is that continuous delivery involves initiating deployments manually, while continuous deployment focuses on automating the deployment process. Explanation: Continuous delivery and continuous deployment are both practices in the DevOps lifecycle that aim to streamline the software release process. However, there is a distinction between the two based on the level of automation involved in the deployment phase. Continuous delivery refers to the ability to deliver software changes to production in a reliable and efficient manner. It involves having a well-defined deployment process and a reliable pipeline that can be triggered manually to deploy the software changes. With continuous delivery, the deployment process can be initiated by a human decision, allowing for a final re-view or approval before releasing the software. On the other hand, continuous deployment takes the automation aspect further by automatically deploying software changes to production as soon as they pass through the entire delivery pipeline. In continuous deployment, the deployment process is fully automated, and there is no human intervention required to initiate the deployment. Once the changes are tested and validated, they are automatically deployed to the production environment. In summary, continuous delivery involves manual initiation of the deployment process, while continuous deployment focuses on automating the deployment process without the need for human intervention.

The step that can help ensure that the container images have not been modified after being pushed to OCI Registry is signing the image using the Container Registry CLI and creating an image signature that associates the image with the master encryption key and key version in the Vault service. Image signing is a process of adding a digital signature to an image to verify its authenticity and integrity. You can use OCI Registry CLI to sign an image using a Vault managed key and create an image signature that contains information such as the image name, tag, digest, key OCID, key version OCID, etc. You can also use OCI Registry CLI to verify an image signature before pulling or running an image. Verified References: [Image Signing - Oracle Cloud Infrastructure Registry], [Signing Images - Oracle Cloud Infrastructure Registry]

The statement that is true about automatic repository creation is that if you select the “Create repositories on first push root compartment” option and push an image with a command that includes the name of a repository that doesn’t already exist, a new private repository is created automatically in the root compartment. This option allows you to enable or disable automatic repository creation for the root compartment of your tenancy. If you enable this option, you can push an image to OCI Registry using the docker push command with the format <region-key>.ocir.io/<tenancy-namespace>/<repository-name>:<tag>, where <repository-name> is the name of a repository that does not exist yet. This will create a new private repository with the specified name and tag in the root compartment. If you disable this option, you will need to create an empty repository in advance before pushing an image to it. Verified References: [Creating Repositories - Oracle Cloud Infrastructure Registry], [Pushing Images - Oracle Cloud Infrastructure Registry]