Professional-Cloud-Security-Engineer Questions and Answers

https://gsuite.google.com/learn-more/security/security-whitepaper/page-1.html

Shared responsibility “Security of the Cloud” - GCP is responsible for protecting the infrastructure that runs all of the services offered in the GCP Cloud. This infrastructure is composed of the hardware, software, networking, and facilities that run GCP Cloud services.

The Organization Administrator and Super Admin roles have extensive administrative privileges at the organization level. Restricting these roles is crucial to limit the number of users who have the ability to manage critical resources and configurations within the organization, thereby enhancing security and minimizing potential risks.

Organization Administrator: Has comprehensive permissions to manage all aspects of the Google Cloud organization, including projects, folders, and IAM policies.

Super Admin: In Google Workspace (formerly G Suite), the Super Admin has access to all administrative features and can manage user accounts, services, and settings across the organization.

References:

Google Cloud IAM roles

Managing super admin roles in Google Workspace

To enable Engineering Group A to attach a Compute Engine instance to a specific subnet (10.1.1.0/24) in a Shared VPC, you should grant the Compute Network User Role at the subnet level. This role allows users to use the subnetwork for their instances without giving them broader permissions at the project level.

Step-by-Step:

Identify the Subnet: Locate the subnet (10.1.1.0/24) in the host project.

Grant Role:

Navigate to the GCP Console > VPC network > VPC networks.

Select the Shared VPC host project and locate the specific subnet.

Click on "Edit" and go to the "IAM & Admin" section.

Assign the "Compute Network User" role to Engineering Group A at the subnet level.

Verification: Ensure that Engineering Group A can now attach Compute Engine instances to the specified subnet.

References:

Shared VPC Overview

Compute Network User Role

Understand Organization Policies:

Organization policies allow you to enforce restrictions on Google Cloud resources to adhere to your organization’s security and compliance requirements.

Policies can be set at the organization, folder, or project level, with project-level policies able to override higher-level policies unless explicitly prevented.

Identify the Policy Constraint:

The specific constraint in question is likely constraints/compute.vmExternalIpAccess, which controls whether VMs can have external IP addresses.

Check Policy Overwrites:

Navigate to the Organization Policies page in the Google Cloud Console.

Check the policy settings at the project level under the affected folder to see if there is an override in place with an 'allow' value.

This override would permit the creation of VMs with external IP addresses despite the higher-level restriction.

Resolve the Policy Conflict:

If an override is found, remove or modify the project-level policy to align with the organizational policy denying external IP addresses.

Communicate with project administrators to ensure they understand and comply with the overarching security policies.

References:

Organization Policy Best Practices

Managing Policy Constraints

Dedicated Interconnect provides a high-bandwidth (up to 80 Gbps per connection) and secure connection between your on-premises network and Google Cloud. It ensures reliable and high-speed data transfer, meeting the requirement of at least 50 Gbps bandwidth.

Steps:

Set Up Dedicated Interconnect: Order a Dedicated Interconnect connection through the Google Cloud Console.

Configure VLAN Attachments: Set up VLAN attachments to segment traffic between your on-premises network and Google Cloud.

Establish BGP Sessions: Configure BGP sessions for dynamic routing and failover.

References:

Dedicated Interconnect documentation

The action fails because a constraints/iam.allowedPolicyMemberDomains organization policy is in place and only members from the flowlogistic.com organization are allowed. The inheritFromParent: false property on the “Apps” folder means that it does not inherit the organization policy from the organization node. Therefore, only the policy set at the folder level applies, which allows only members from the flowlogistic.com organization. As a result, the attempt to grant access to the user testuser@terramearth.com fails because this user is not a member of the flowlogistic.com organization.

Enable Dry Run Mode: Start by enabling the dry run mode for your VPC Service Controls perimeter. This mode allows you to test changes without actually enforcing them, thus preventing any disruption to your current setup.

Add Access Level: Add your new access level to the dry run configuration. This way, you can monitor how the new access level would behave and interact with your existing setup without any real impact.

Vetting Process: Carefully vet the new access level by analyzing logs and monitoring the behavior in the dry run mode. Ensure that the new configuration meets your security and operational requirements.

Update Perimeter: Once you are confident that the new access level will not disrupt existing services and meets all requirements, update the actual perimeter configuration with the new access level. This approach minimizes risk by allowing you to test changes before they take effect, ensuring seamless updates with minimal disruption. References:

Google Cloud - Configuring VPC Service Controls

Google Cloud - Using Dry Run Mode

To ensure that each team's service account has the necessary permissions to manage resources within their assigned folders while adhering to the principle of least privilege, the following considerations apply:​

Folder Administrator Role: Granting each service account the Folder Administrator role on its respective folder provides comprehensive permissions to manage resources within that folder, including creating, updating, and deleting projects and resources. This approach ensures that teams have the necessary control over their environments without extending permissions beyond their assigned scope.​

Principle of Least Privilege: By assigning permissions at the folder level, you limit the service account's access to only the resources within its designated folder, aligning with the principle of least privilege and reducing the risk of unauthorized access to other parts of the organization.​

Therefore, Option A is the most effective approach, as it provides the necessary permissions for teams to manage their resources within their assigned folders while adhering to security best practices.​

References:

Understanding Roles

Best Practices for Enterprise Organizations

To ensure compliance with the Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard (PCI DSS) at the infrastructure-as-a-service (IaaS) level within Google Cloud, it's essential to have continuous monitoring and assessment tools that can detect deviations from compliance requirements.​

Option A: Creating data profiles and configuring Data Discovery jobs in Google Cloud Sensitive Data Protection focuses on identifying and analyzing sensitive data but does not directly address infrastructure compliance monitoring.​

Option B: Downloading the latest PCI DSS report from the Compliance Reports Manager provides a static compliance report but does not offer real-time detection of deviations within your specific environment.​

Option C: Utilizing Assured Workloads helps in creating environments that meet specific compliance requirements, but migrating existing projects into such folders does not actively detect deviations; it primarily ensures that new workloads comply with predefined policies.​

Option D: Activating Security Command Center (SCC) Premium and leveraging its Compliance Monitoring capabilities allows for continuous assessment of your Google Cloud environment against PCI DSS requirements. SCC can identify misconfigurations, vulnerabilities, and compliance violations in real-time, providing actionable insights to address any issues promptly.​

Therefore, Option D is the most effective approach to detect deviations at the IaaS level in preparation for a PCI DSS audit.​

References:

Security Command Center Overview

Security Command Center Compliance Monitoring

Provide granular access to secrets: 2.Enforce access control to secrets using project-level identity and Access Management (IAM) bindings. Give you control over the rotation schedules for the encryption keys that wrap your secrets: 3. Use customer-managed encryption keys to encrypt secrets. Maintain environment separation: 1. Use separate Google Cloud projects to store Production and Non-Production secrets.

https://cloud.google.com/access-transparency Access approval Explicitly approve access to your data or configurations on Google Cloud. Access Approval requests, when combined with Access Transparency logs, can be used to audit an end-to-end chain from support ticket to access request to approval, to eventual access.

If you want to manage the key encryption keys used for your data at rest, instead of having Google manage the keys, use Cloud Key Management Service to manage your keys. This scenario is known as customer-managed encryption keys (CMEK). https://cloud.google.com/bigquery/docs/encryption-at-rest

To mitigate the risk posed by long-running Google Cloud CLI sessions, it is essential to enforce a reauthentication frequency. This ensures that users must periodically reauthenticate, reducing the window of opportunity for an attacker to exploit an open session. Setting the reauthentication frequency to one hour forces users to reauthenticate after this period, thereby limiting the duration an attacker can use a compromised session.

Access Google Cloud Console: Log in to your Google Cloud Console using your admin credentials.

Navigate to Security Settings: Go to the "Security" section of the Cloud Console.

Set Session Control: Under the session management settings, locate the "Reauthentication frequency" setting. This controls how often users must reauthenticate.

Configure Reauthentication Frequency: Set the reauthentication frequency to "1 hour". This configuration will force users to reauthenticate every hour, thus limiting the duration of each session.

Save Changes: Confirm and save your changes. This setting will now apply to all users, ensuring that open sessions are minimized to a duration of one hour.

References:

Google Cloud IAM Documentation

Google Cloud Security Best Practices

Setting up separate service perimeters for dev, staging, and prod environments allows for more granular control and monitoring. Automating the addition of new projects to the respective perimeters ensures that all projects are consistently secured without manual intervention.

Steps:

Set Up Service Perimeters: Use Access Context Manager to define and configure three separate service perimeters for dev, staging, and prod.

Deploy Monitoring Function: Create a Cloud Function that monitors the "implementation" folder for new projects using Stackdriver (Cloud Monitoring) and Cloud Pub/Sub.

Automate Perimeter Updates: Configure the Cloud Function to execute Terraform scripts that automatically add new projects to the appropriate service perimeter.

References:

Google Cloud: Access Context Manager

Service perimeter automation

To keep track of "who did what, where, and when?" within GCP projects, the administrator should focus on Admin Activity logs and Data Access logs. Here’s a detailed explanation of why these two log streams are essential:

Admin Activity Logs:

These logs capture administrative actions performed in your Google Cloud resources. This includes actions like creating, modifying, or deleting resources.

Admin Activity logs provide detailed information about the user who performed the action, the resource that was affected, the action performed, and the timestamp.

Data Access Logs:

These logs capture read and write operations on data within your Google Cloud services. This includes actions like accessing or modifying data stored in databases, storage buckets, etc.

Data Access logs help track the access patterns of users and services to sensitive data, providing insights into who accessed which data and when.

Steps to Enable and Access Logs:

Navigate to the Google Cloud Console.

Go to Logging in the left-hand menu.

Enable Admin Activity and Data Access logs if not already enabled.

Use Logs Explorer to filter and view specific logs based on your requirements.

By monitoring both Admin Activity and Data Access logs, administrators can gain comprehensive visibility into the actions performed on their GCP resources and data, ensuring robust security and compliance tracking.

References:

Google Cloud Logging Documentation

Audit Logs Overview

Access Google Cloud Console:

Log in to the Google Cloud Console with administrative privileges.

Navigate to the "IAM & Admin" section.

Set Session Length Timeout:

Go to the "Settings" page within IAM & Admin.

Locate the "Session control" settings.

Configure the session length timeout to a shorter duration, such as 15 or 30 minutes. This ensures that user sessions expire automatically after the specified time of inactivity.

Apply and Enforce the Policy:

Save the changes and ensure the new session timeout policy is applied across all users and services.

Communicate the new policy to employees, highlighting the importance of session security and the rationale behind the change.

Additional Security Measures:

Consider implementing additional measures such as automatic screen locks and secure session management practices.

Educate employees on the importance of logging out of their sessions and securing their devices when not in use.

References:

Google Cloud IAM Documentation

Session Management Best Practices

Provision a Cloud NAT Instance:

Cloud NAT (Network Address Translation) allows instances without external IP addresses to access the internet securely.

In the Google Cloud Console, navigate to the VPC Network section and select Cloud NAT.

Create a new Cloud NAT configuration, specifying the VPC and region where your Compute Engine VMs are deployed.

Configure Cloud NAT:

Ensure that the Cloud NAT instance is configured to provide outbound internet connectivity for the VMs in your specified subnet.

This setup allows the VMs to access the internet for package updates and external installations without requiring public IP addresses.

Enable Private Google Access:

Private Google Access allows VMs in a subnet to reach Google APIs and services using internal IP addresses.

In the Google Cloud Console, navigate to the VPC Network section and select Subnets.

Edit the subnet used by your Compute Engine VMs and enable Private Google Access.

Update DevOps Scripts:

Ensure that your DevOps scripts are updated to work with the new network configuration.

Test the build process to confirm that the VMs can access necessary resources and complete the build pipeline successfully.

References:

Cloud NAT Documentation

Private Google Access

Requirement:

Enforce the use of Customer-Managed Encryption Keys (CMEK) for all new Cloud Storage resources in the organization.

Policy Constraint:

Use the constraints/gcp.restrictNonCmekServices constraint to enforce CMEK usage.

Policy Type and Value:

Set the policy type to allow to specify which services must use CMEK.

In this case, the policy value should be storage.googleapis.com to target Cloud Storage.

Command:

Applying the organization policy with the appropriate binding ensures that all new Cloud Storage resources under the organization will require CMEK.

Steps:

Step 1: Go to the Google Cloud Console.

Step 2: Navigate to the Organization Policies page.

Step 3: Apply the policy constraint constraints/gcp.restrictNonCmekServices with the allow policy type and storage.googleapis.com as the policy value.

References:

Organization Policy Constraints

Customer-Managed Encryption Keys (CMEK)

For managing and rotating encryption keys in a Compute Engine-based cluster using Managed Instance Groups (MIGs), Customer-Managed Encryption Keys (CMEK) with Cloud KMS is the appropriate solution.

Set Up Cloud KMS:

Go to the Cloud Console and navigate to Security > Cryptographic Keys.

Create a keyring and a key.

Create and Use CMEK:

While creating or updating a Compute Engine instance, specify the CMEK key.

Example command:

gcloud compute instances create example-instance \ --image-family=debian-9 \ --image-project=debian-cloud \ --boot-disk-kms-key=projects/[PROJECT_ID]/locations/global/keyRings/[KEY_RING]/cryptoKeys/[KEY]

Rotate Keys:

Rotate keys periodically using Cloud KMS by creating new key versions and updating the instances to use the new key versions.

References:

Customer-Managed Encryption Keys (CMEK)

Using Customer-Managed Encryption Keys

Configure Binary Authorization:

Binary Authorization is a deploy-time security control that ensures only trusted container images are deployed on GKE. It uses attestations to verify the authenticity and integrity of the images.

Enable Binary Authorization in your project through the Google Cloud Console or using the gcloud command-line tool.

Define attestation policies that specify which attestors (trusted entities) must sign off on container images before deployment.

Set Up Attestors:

Create and configure attestors that will sign the container images. This involves generating cryptographic keys and setting up trusted authorities.

Attestors can be configured to sign images based on criteria such as vulnerability scanning results, compliance checks, and other security policies.

Create a Custom Organization Policy Constraint:

Define an organization policy constraint that enforces Binary Authorization across your GKE clusters.

This custom constraint ensures that all clusters in the organization must adhere to the Binary Authorization policy, preventing the deployment of unsigned or unauthorized container images.

Implement and Enforce the Policies:

Apply the Binary Authorization policy and the organization policy constraint to your GKE clusters.

Regularly review and update the policies and attestation rules to align with your security and compliance requirements.

References:

Binary Authorization Documentation

Creating Attestors

Organization Policy Constraints

To ensure user-uploaded comments and product reviews do not include sensitive data before publication, use the Cloud Data Loss Prevention (DLP) API.

Enable DLP API:

Go to the Cloud Console and navigate to APIs & Services > Library.

Search for "Data Loss Prevention API" and enable it.

Configure DLP API:

Create an inspection template specifying the types of sensitive data to detect.

Set up de-identification templates if you want to redact or mask sensitive data.

Implement DLP in Application:

Use the Google Cloud DLP Client Library for the desired programming language.

Send the text data to the DLP API for inspection before saving or publishing.

from google.cloud import dlp_v2 dlp_client = dlp_v2.DlpServiceClient() parent = f"projects/{project_id}" item = {"value": "User comment text here"} inspect_config = {"info_types": [{"name": "PERSON_NAME"}, {"name": "CREDIT_CARD_NUMBER"}]} response = dlp_client.inspect_content(parent=parent, inspect_config=inspect_config, item=item)

References:

Cloud Data Loss Prevention API Documentation

DLP API Client Libraries

The Standard Tier network only provides regional load balancing, while the Premium Tier supports global load balancing with a single anycast IP address. To distribute requests across multiple regions, you need to use the Premium Tier and update the load balancer configuration accordingly.

Steps:

Upgrade to Premium Tier: Update the load balancer to use the Premium Tier network in the Google Cloud Console.

Add New Instance Group: Add the instance group in the new region (us-east-2) to the backend configuration of the existing load balancer.

Verify Configuration: Ensure that the frontend configuration of the load balancer uses a single external IP address for global distribution.

References:

Google Cloud: Global load balancing

Review Admin Activity logs:

Admin Activity logs contain entries for API calls that modify or read the configuration or metadata of resources.

These logs are useful for monitoring and auditing administrative actions, including those that could indicate malicious activity on a Cloud SQL instance.

References:

Audit Logs: Admin Activity

To minimize the attack surface of the container for an internet-facing application running on Google Kubernetes Engine (GKE), the best practice is to build small containers using small base images. This approach helps in the following ways:

Reduce Vulnerabilities: Smaller base images contain fewer packages and dependencies, which minimizes the potential vulnerabilities that an attacker could exploit.

Improved Security: Using minimal base images such as distroless or Alpine Linux ensures that only the necessary components are included, reducing the attack surface significantly.

Easier Maintenance: Small containers are easier to maintain and update, ensuring that security patches can be applied quickly without dealing with unnecessary components.

Steps to Implement:

Choose a Minimal Base Image:

Use base images like gcr.io/distroless/base or alpine.

FROM gcr.io/distroless/base COPY myapp /myapp CMD ["/myapp"]

Optimize Container Image:

Remove unnecessary tools and libraries.

Use multi-stage builds to keep the final image small.

Regularly Update Base Images:

Keep the base images up-to-date with the latest security patches.

References:

Distroless Images

Best Practices for Building Containers

Use Pub/Sub and Cloud Functions to trigger a Cloud Data Loss Prevention scan every time a file is uploaded to the administrator's bucket. If the scan does not detect PII, have the function move the objects into the shared Cloud Storage bucket:

Configure a Pub/Sub topic to publish notifications when new files are uploaded to the administrator's bucket.

Create a Cloud Function that is triggered by the Pub/Sub topic. This function uses the Cloud Data Loss Prevention (DLP) API to scan the uploaded files for PII.

If the scan does not detect PII, the function moves the file to the shared Cloud Storage bucket. This ensures that only non-sensitive data is accessible to analysts, while PII remains secure in the administrator's bucket.

References:

Using Pub/Sub with Cloud Functions

Cloud Data Loss Prevention API

Google Cloud customers with additional requirements for encryption of data over WAN can choose to implement further protections for data as it moves from a user to an application, or virtual machine to virtual machine. These protections include IPSec tunnels, Gmail S/MIME, managed SSL certificates, and Istio. https://cloud.google.com/docs/security/encryption-in-transit

Define Trusted Image Projects:

Identify the project or projects where your trusted operating system images are stored.

Ensure these images meet your organization’s security requirements and are regularly updated to mitigate vulnerabilities.

Create an Organization Policy:

Navigate to the Organization Policies page in the Google Cloud Console.

Create a policy constraint that restricts the creation of boot disks to only those images stored in your trusted image project(s).

The policy constraint to use is constraints/compute.trustedImageProjects.

Apply the Policy:

Apply this organization policy at the appropriate level (organization, folder, or project) to enforce that all new VM instances use images from the trusted repository.

This ensures consistency in the security posture across all projects within the organization.

Monitor Compliance:

Regularly monitor the compliance with this policy using audit logs and other monitoring tools.

Update the trusted images as necessary to ensure they remain secure and compliant with your security standards.

References:

Organization Policy Service

Trusted Image Projects Constraint

To ensure that payment information is encrypted between the customer’s browser and Google Cloud Platform during checkout, the company should configure an SSL certificate on an L7 (Layer 7) Load Balancer. Here’s why this is the best solution:

SSL/TLS Termination: An L7 Load Balancer can handle SSL/TLS termination, which means it can decrypt HTTPS traffic, offloading the work from the backend servers. This is essential for handling encrypted connections securely.

HTTPS Configuration: By configuring an SSL certificate, the load balancer ensures that all traffic between the customer’s browser and the application is encrypted using HTTPS.

Security Best Practices: Using an L7 Load Balancer with an SSL certificate aligns with best practices for securing web applications, particularly for e-commerce sites handling sensitive payment information.

Managed Certificates: Google Cloud offers managed SSL certificates, which simplifies the process of obtaining, deploying, and renewing SSL certificates.

Implementation Steps:

Obtain an SSL certificate.

Configure the L7 Load Balancer in the GCP Console.

Associate the SSL certificate with the load balancer.

Ensure that the backend services are configured to handle HTTPS traffic.

References:

Google Cloud Load Balancing Documentation

Setting up HTTPS Load Balancing

For a client concerned about the control of their encryption keys and not wanting to store these keys within the same cloud service provider (CSP) as the data, the following solutions are suitable:

Customer-supplied encryption keys (A):

With customer-supplied encryption keys, clients manage their own encryption keys outside of Google Cloud and supply them to encrypt and decrypt data. This ensures that the keys are not stored in Google Cloud, providing full control over the key management process.

Cloud External Key Manager (D):

Cloud External Key Manager (EKM) allows clients to integrate an external key management system (KMS) with Google Cloud services. This setup enables the client to keep their encryption keys outside Google Cloud while still allowing the data to be encrypted and decrypted within Google Cloud services. This method offers an additional layer of security and control over the encryption keys.

These options provide robust solutions for clients requiring external key management and enhanced control over their encryption processes.

References

Customer-Supplied Encryption Keys

Cloud External Key Manager

Organization Policy: Use the constraints/compute.skipDefaultNetworkCreation organization policy constraint to disable the creation of default networks in new projects.

Policy Application: Apply this constraint at the organization level to ensure it affects all projects within your organization, preventing the creation of default networks.

Best Practices Compliance: Following this best practice helps maintain a clean and secure network configuration by avoiding the use of default networks, which may not be properly segmented or secured.

Verification: Verify the policy application by creating new projects and ensuring that default networks are not created. References:

Google Cloud - Organization Policy Constraints

Google Cloud - Best Practices for Enterprise Organizations

To ensure that an external user cannot gain access to an internal application on Google App Engine even if an employee’s password is compromised, configure Cloud Identity-Aware Proxy (IAP).

Enable IAP:

Go to the Cloud Console, navigate to the App Engine application, and select "Identity-Aware Proxy".

Enable IAP for the application.

Configure Access Policies:

Set up access policies to restrict who can access the application.

Use IAM roles to grant access only to specific users or groups.

Enforce Authentication:

IAP enforces Google authentication, ensuring that users must log in with their GSuite credentials.

Enable Multi-Factor Authentication (MFA):

Enforce 2FA for all GSuite users to add an extra layer of security.

Advantages:

Protection against Compromised Credentials: Even if passwords are compromised, attackers cannot access the application without passing IAP authentication.

Centralized Access Management: Easily manage and monitor access through IAM and IAP policies.

References:

Identity-Aware Proxy Overview

Setting up IAP

Objective: Migrate ongoing data backup and disaster recovery solutions to GCP.

Solution: Use Cloud Storage with scheduled tasks and gsutil.

Steps:

Step 1: Set up a Cloud Interconnect to ensure stable networking connectivity between the on-premises environment and GCP.

Step 2: Create a Cloud Storage bucket to store backups.

Step 3: Use gsutil, a command-line tool for Cloud Storage, to create scripts for data transfer.

Step 4: Schedule these scripts using cron jobs or another scheduling tool to automate the backup process.

Using Cloud Storage with scheduled tasks and gsutil ensures efficient and reliable backup and disaster recovery while leveraging stable connectivity provided by Cloud Interconnect.

References:

Cloud Storage Documentation

gsutil Tool Documentation

Cloud Interconnect Documentation

When integrating applications that require access to sensitive data stored in Cloud Storage, managing service account keys securely is crucial to prevent unauthorized access or data loss.​

Option A: Defining a VPC Service Controls perimeter enhances security by restricting access to Google Cloud services. However, configuring ingress rules to allow external access for the service account may introduce complexities and potential security gaps, especially if the partner's infrastructure is outside the defined perimeter.​

Option B: Scanning and masking customer data addresses data sensitivity but does not mitigate risks associated with compromised service account keys. This approach focuses on data content rather than access control mechanisms.​

Option C: Encrypting data at rest using customer-managed encryption keys (CMEK) ensures data confidentiality but does not directly address the security of service account keys or access controls.​

Option D: Implementing a secret management service to handle service account keys is a best practice. By configuring the service to frequently rotate keys, you reduce the window of opportunity for malicious actors to exploit compromised keys. Additionally, enforcing strict access controls ensures that only authorized personnel can create or manage service account keys, minimizing the risk of unauthorized access. This approach directly addresses the security concerns related to service account key management.​

Therefore, Option D is the most appropriate recommendation, as it focuses on securely managing service account keys through rotation and access controls, thereby minimizing the risk of data loss due to compromised keys.​

References:

Best Practices for Managing Service Account Keys

Secret Manager Documentation

Objective: Reduce the risk of Google Cloud user accounts being compromised.

Solution: Implement strong password policies and post-SSO 2-Step Verification using security keys.

Steps:

Step 1: In Active Directory, configure a domain password policy with strong settings (e.g., complexity, length, expiration).

Step 2: In the Google Admin console, navigate to the Security settings.

Step 3: Enable 2-Step Verification and configure it to use security keys for post-SSO verification.

Step 4: Ensure all users enroll in the 2-Step Verification with security keys.

Using strong password policies in Active Directory along with security keys for 2-Step Verification post-SSO provides enhanced security against account compromises.

References:

Active Directory Password Policies

Google Admin Console 2-Step Verification

This PD and bucket data is encrypted using a Google-generated data encryption key (DEK) and key encryption key (KEK). The CMEK feature allows you to create, use, and revoke the key encryption key (KEK). Google still controls the data encryption key (DEK). For more information on Google data encryption keys, see Encryption at Rest. https://cloud.google.com/dataproc/docs/concepts/configuring-clusters/customer-managed-encryption

https://codelabs.developers.google.com/codelabs/encrypt-and-decrypt-data-with-cloud-kms#0

Objective: Ensure that a Cloud Storage bucket in Project A can only be readable from Project B and prevent data access or copying to Cloud Storage buckets outside the network, even with correct credentials.

Solution: Use VPC Service Controls to create a security perimeter.

Steps:

Step 1: Open the Google Cloud Console.

Step 2: Navigate to the VPC Service Controls page.

Step 3: Create a new service perimeter.

Step 4: Add Project A and Project B to the service perimeter.

Step 5: Include Cloud Storage service in the perimeter configuration.

Step 6: Define access levels to ensure that only resources within the perimeter can access the Cloud Storage bucket.

By setting up a VPC Service Controls perimeter, you can enforce security boundaries that restrict data access and movement to within defined projects, providing an extra layer of protection beyond IAM permissions.

References:

VPC Service Controls Overview

Configuring VPC Service Controls

Rotating a user-managed Service Account key involves creating a new key, updating your application to use the new key, and then deleting the old key to maintain security. Here’s the step-by-step process:

Create a New Key: Use the Google Cloud Console or gcloud command-line tool to create a new key for the service account. This generates a new key pair and provides you with the private key.

gcloud iam service-accounts keys create new-key-file.json --iam-account=YOUR_SERVICE_ACCOUNT_EMAIL

Update Application: Update your application configuration to use the new key. This might involve replacing the old key file with the new one or updating the environment variables or configurations that point to the key file.

Delete the Old Key: Once you have confirmed that the application is working correctly with the new key, delete the old key from the service account to ensure it cannot be used for unauthorized access.

gcloud iam service-accounts keys delete OLD_KEY_ID --iam-account=YOUR_SERVICE_ACCOUNT_EMAIL

This process ensures that your service account keys are regularly rotated, reducing the risk of key compromise.

References

Managing Service Account Keys

Service Account Key Rotation

To enable developer teams to deploy new applications without the extensive overhead of network and security reviews, it’s recommended to mandate the use of infrastructure as code (IaC) and enforce policies through static analysis in CI/CD pipelines. This approach ensures that security and compliance policies are checked automatically during the development process.

Step-by-Step:

Adopt IaC: Use tools like Terraform or Google Cloud Deployment Manager to manage infrastructure as code.

CI/CD Pipeline Integration: Integrate static analysis tools such as TFLint or Checkov in the CI/CD pipeline to enforce security policies.

Policy Definition: Define security policies and best practices that need to be adhered to in the code.

Automated Checks: Configure automated checks in the CI/CD pipeline to review code against these policies before deployment.

Monitor and Audit: Continuously monitor and audit deployed applications to ensure ongoing compliance.

References:

Infrastructure as Code on Google Cloud

Static Analysis for Terraform

Checkov for IaC

Configure Cloud Interconnect:

Cloud Interconnect provides high-bandwidth, low-latency connectivity between your on-premises network and Google Cloud. You can choose between Dedicated Interconnect or Partner Interconnect depending on your requirements.

Set up the physical connection and establish the interconnect through the Google Cloud Console or by working with a partner.

Set Up HA VPN:

High Availability (HA) VPN provides a robust, reliable VPN connection to Google Cloud with SLA guarantees. This is crucial for ensuring secure and high-bandwidth connectivity.

Configure two VPN tunnels to ensure redundancy and failover capabilities.

Update Default Route:

Replace the default 0.0.0.0/0 route in your Google Cloud VPC to direct traffic to your on-premises network via the Cloud Interconnect and HA VPN setup.

This ensures all internet-facing traffic is securely routed through your on-premises internet connection.

Ensure Proper Security and Routing Policies:

Implement appropriate firewall rules and security policies on both Google Cloud and on-premises environments to control traffic and ensure secure communication.

Monitor the traffic and connectivity status to maintain optimal performance and security.

References:

Cloud Interconnect Documentation

HA VPN Documentation

Routing Traffic

To maintain proper security policies across numerous Google Cloud environments, especially with a large developer base and a small security team, it's crucial to implement automated and scalable security measures.​

Option A: While applying AI-recommended security posture templates can be beneficial, as of now, there isn't a specific predefined template for Gemini in Vertex AI within the Security Command Center.​

Option B: Publishing internal policies and guidelines is essential for promoting secure development practices but may not be sufficient alone to enforce or detect security policies.​

Option C: Implementing the principle of least privilege through Identity and Access Management (IAM) roles minimizes the risk of misconfigurations and unauthorized access by ensuring users have only the permissions necessary for their tasks.​

Option D: Applying organization policy constraints enforces specific configurations and restrictions across projects. Utilizing Security Health Analytics helps in detecting and monitoring deviations from these policies, providing automated insights into potential security issues.​

Option E: Using Cloud Logging to detect misconfigurations and triggering Cloud Run functions for remediation introduces complexity and may require significant maintenance, making it less practical for a small security team.​

Therefore, Options C and D are the most effective strategies. They provide automated enforcement and monitoring of security policies, aligning with the need for scalable solutions given the organization's size and resources.​

References:

Identity and Access Management (IAM) Overview

Organization Policy Service Overview

Security Health Analytics Overview

https://cloud.google.com/vpc/docs/packet-mirroring

Packet Mirroring clones the traffic of specified instances in your Virtual Private Cloud (VPC) network and forwards it for examination. Packet Mirroring captures all traffic and packet data, including payloads and headers.

Generate Supply Chain Levels for Software Artifacts (SLSA) level 3 assurance by using Cloud Build: SLSA is a framework for ensuring the integrity of software artifacts. By using Cloud Build, you can automate the build process and generate SLSA level 3 compliance, which includes verifiable build steps and provenance.

View the build provenance in the Security insights side panel within the Google Cloud console: The build provenance provides a detailed history of how the software was built, including the source code, build process, and any dependencies. This information is accessible through the Security insights side panel in the Google Cloud console, allowing you to verify the integrity and authenticity of your software artifacts.

References

Supply Chain Levels for Software Artifacts (SLSA) documentation

Cloud Build documentation

Security insights in Google Cloud console

Objective: Synchronize security groups with email addresses from an LDAP directory to Cloud IAM.

Solution: Use Google Cloud Directory Sync (GCDS) to perform one-way synchronization based on LDAP search rules.

Steps:

Step 1: Download and install Google Cloud Directory Sync (GCDS) on a secure server.

Step 2: Configure GCDS with the LDAP server details and authentication.

Step 3: Define LDAP search rules to filter security groups based on the “user email address” attribute.

Step 4: Map LDAP security groups to Google Cloud IAM roles.

Step 5: Set up a synchronization schedule to keep the groups in sync.

Step 6: Perform a test sync to ensure that the configuration is correct.

Step 7: Activate the synchronization to keep the LDAP directory and Cloud IAM in sync.

Using GCDS for one-way synchronization ensures that the security groups in Cloud IAM are consistently updated based on the LDAP directory, maintaining alignment with the organization’s security policies.

References:

Google Cloud Directory Sync Documentation

Setting Up Google Cloud Directory Sync

To allow a large number of users to access the GCP Console while keeping the existing Active Directory or LDAP server for identity management, use Google Cloud Directory Sync (GCDS).

Install GCDS:

Download and install Google Cloud Directory Sync from here.

Configure GCDS:

Set up the synchronization by specifying the LDAP server details and the Google domain.

Map the LDAP attributes to Google attributes to ensure user data is synchronized correctly.

Run Synchronization:

Perform an initial synchronization to populate the Google domain with existing users from the LDAP server.

Schedule regular synchronizations to keep the data up-to-date.

Benefits:

Automated Sync: Ensures that user data is consistently updated without manual intervention.

Secure Access: Users can log in to the GCP Console using their existing credentials, enhancing security and user experience.

References:

Google Cloud Directory Sync Documentation

GCDS Administration Guide

To fulfill the requirements of preserving logs for 12 years and ensuring data residency within European boundaries, the best approach is to use Google Cloud's operations suite (formerly Stackdriver) with a custom log bucket configured in the desired region.

Configure Cloud Logging Agent:

Install and configure the Cloud Logging agent on your Compute Engine instances. This agent collects logs from your application and system and sends them to Google Cloud's operations suite.

Create a Custom Log Bucket:

In the Cloud Logging interface, create a custom log bucket in the EUROPE-WEST1 region. This bucket will store your logs and can be configured with a custom retention period.

Set Custom Retention Policy:

Configure the retention policy for the custom log bucket to 12 years. This ensures that all logs are preserved for the required duration.

Ship Logs to the Custom Log Bucket:

Modify the logging configuration to direct logs from the Cloud Logging agent to the custom log bucket. This can be done through the logging configuration settings in the Cloud Console or by updating the agent configuration files.

This solution minimizes overhead by using managed services and ensures cost-effectiveness by leveraging Cloud Logging's built-in capabilities for log storage and retention management.

References

Cloud Logging Documentation

Creating and Managing Logs Buckets

VM Manager is a suite of tools that can be used to manage operating systems for large virtual machine (VM) fleets running Windows and Linux on Compute Engine. It helps drive efficiency through automation and reduces the operational burden of maintaining these VM fleets. VM Manager includes several services such as OS patch management, OS inventory management, and OS configuration management. By using VM Manager, you can apply patches, collect operating system information, and install, remove, or auto-update software packages. The suite provides a high level of control and automation for managing large VM fleets on Google Cloud.

https://cloud.google.com/compute/docs/vm-manager

To allow Compute Engine instances to access public repositories for security updates while an egress firewall rule is in place to deny all internet traffic, you need to create a more specific egress rule that permits traffic to the CIDR range of the repository. The priority of this rule should be lower (i.e., a higher priority number) than the deny rule.

Steps:

Identify the CIDR Range: Determine the CIDR range of the public repository from which the security updates will be fetched.

Create Egress Firewall Rule: Create a new egress firewall rule allowing traffic to the identified CIDR range with a priority less than 1000.

Apply Firewall Rule: Use the Google Cloud Console or gcloud command-line tool to apply the new firewall rule.

References:

Google Cloud: Firewall rules

Creating firewall rules

https://cloud.google.com/confidential-computing/confidential-vm/docs/creating-cvm-instance#considerations

Confidential VM does not support live migration. You can only enable Confidential Computing on a VM when you first create the instance. https://cloud.google.com/confidential-computing/confidential-vm/docs/creating-cvm-instance

To organize GCP projects based on different business units and manage IAM permissions, you should create an organization node and assign folders for each business unit. This approach allows you to logically separate projects under folders and apply IAM policies at the folder level.

Step-by-Step:

Create Organization Node: Ensure that your GCP account is linked to an organization.

Create Folders for Business Units:

Navigate to the GCP Console > IAM & Admin > Resource Manager.

Create a folder for each business unit under the organization node.

Move Projects to Folders:

Move existing projects into the respective folders according to the business unit.

Set IAM Policies:

Assign IAM roles and permissions at the folder level to manage access for each business unit independently.

Monitor and Manage: Use Cloud Audit Logs and other GCP tools to monitor the activities and ensure compliance with the organization’s policies.

References:

Creating and Managing Folders

Managing IAM Policies

To enforce private connectivity between on-premises hosts and Google Cloud APIs while optimizing for cost and operational efficiency, using a dedicated or Partner Interconnect is the best solution. This setup ensures a reliable, high-bandwidth connection with private IP addressing.

Choose Interconnect Type: Decide between Dedicated Interconnect and Partner Interconnect based on your bandwidth needs and proximity to Google Cloud locations.

Set Up Interconnect:

For Dedicated Interconnect, order circuits through the Google Cloud Console.

For Partner Interconnect, select a supported service provider and order the connection through them.

Configure VPC and Private Google Access:

In your VPC, enable Private Google Access to allow on-premises hosts to access Google APIs privately.

Go to "VPC network" -> "Private Google Access" and enable it for your subnets.

Establish Connectivity: Work with your network team and (if applicable) your Partner Interconnect provider to set up the physical and logical connections.

Test Connectivity: Verify that on-premises hosts can reach Google Cloud services using private IP addresses.

References:

Google Cloud Interconnect Overview

Configuring Private Google Access

Titan Security Keys are a physical form of two-step verification (2SV) that provide the highest level of account security by using cryptographic signatures to verify the user and the URL of the login page.

Cryptographic Security: Titan Security Keys use a hardware-based cryptographic method to authenticate users, which is resistant to phishing attacks. This ensures that the authentication process is secure and not susceptible to being intercepted or spoofed.

URL Verification: Titan Security Keys verify the URL of the login page during the authentication process, providing an additional layer of security against phishing attempts that may try to redirect users to malicious websites.

Ease of Use: These keys are easy to use and integrate with Google's 2SV process, providing a seamless and highly secure authentication method for users.

References

Titan Security Keys

Security Command Center (SCC) in Google Cloud provides several features to help organizations detect and respond to security threats and misconfigurations.

Event Threat Detection: This feature continuously monitors and analyzes system logs to detect potential threats such as crypto mining. It uses machine learning and threat intelligence to identify suspicious activities and generate alerts.

Security Health Analytics: This feature helps identify common misconfigurations and compliance violations that could impact security. It provides visibility into security posture and helps remediate issues related to misconfigurations in your Google Cloud environment.

By using both Event Threat Detection and Security Health Analytics, you can effectively monitor for crypto mining activities and detect common misconfigurations that could compromise security.

References

Security Command Center Documentation

Event Threat Detection

Security Health Analytics

To connect Compute Engine instances within a Google Cloud Platform project to workloads running in a dedicated server room that can only be accessed from within the private company network, you can use the following approaches:

Cloud VPN: Cloud VPN securely connects your on-premises network to your Google Cloud Virtual Private Cloud (VPC) network through an IPsec VPN connection. This enables secure communication between your GCP instances and your on-premises workloads over the internet.

Cloud Interconnect: Cloud Interconnect provides direct physical connections between your on-premises network and Google's network. It offers higher bandwidth and lower latency compared to Cloud VPN, making it suitable for workloads that require fast and reliable connectivity.

Both Cloud VPN and Cloud Interconnect allow you to securely connect your on-premises environments to Google Cloud, ensuring that the workloads remain within the private company network.

References

Cloud VPN Overview

Cloud Interconnect Overview

Objective: Ensure that the analytics workload on Compute Engine instances accessing Cloud Storage does not interact with the public internet.

Solution:

Private Google Access: This allows Compute Engine instances that only have internal IP addresses to reach Google APIs and services through a private connection without the need for a public IP address.

No Public IP Addresses: By avoiding public IP addresses for the instances, you ensure that they are not accessible from the internet and do not initiate internet connections.

Steps:

Step 1: Open the Google Cloud Console.

Step 2: Navigate to the VPC Network page and select the subnet where the Compute Engine instances are located.

Step 3: Enable Private Google Access for the subnet.

Step 4: Ensure that when launching the Compute Engine instances, no public IP addresses are assigned to them.

References:

Configuring Private Google Access

Preventing External IP Address Assignment

Enable Security Command Center (SCC):

SCC provides centralized visibility and control over your cloud resources' security status.

Ensure that SCC is enabled in your Google Cloud environment.

Configure Virtual Machine Threat Detection (VMTD):

VMTD is part of SCC and specializes in detecting threats within VM instances, such as cryptocurrency mining malware.

Navigate to the SCC settings in the Google Cloud Console.

Activate VMTD:

Enable VMTD for the projects or resources where you want to monitor and detect potential threats.

VMTD uses behavioral analysis to identify anomalies indicative of unauthorized mining activities.

Monitor and Respond to Alerts:

VMTD generates alerts when it detects suspicious activities, such as unauthorized cryptocurrency mining.

Set up appropriate response actions, such as notifications, automatic remediation, or manual investigation, to handle these alerts.

References:

Security Command Center Documentation

Virtual Machine Threat Detection

Objective: Implement an encryption at-rest strategy that balances key management complexity and control for sensitive and non-sensitive data, ensuring FIPS 140-2 L1 compliance.

Solution: Use Google default encryption for non-sensitive data and Cloud Key Management Service (KMS) for sensitive data.

Steps:

Step 1: Store non-sensitive data using Google Cloud’s default encryption, which automatically encrypts data at rest without additional configuration.

Step 2: For sensitive data, use Cloud KMS to create and manage encryption keys.

Step 3: Configure key rotation policies for the keys managed by Cloud KMS to meet compliance requirements.

Step 4: Ensure that all data encryption keys used by Cloud KMS comply with FIPS 140-2 Level 1 standards.

By using Google default encryption for non-sensitive data and Cloud KMS for sensitive data, you can manage encryption efficiently while maintaining control over key residency and rotation for sensitive data.

References:

Google Cloud Default Encryption

Cloud Key Management Service

FIPS 140-2 Compliance

To prevent developers from creating user-managed service account keys and reduce the risk of key mismanagement, you should enable an organization policy that specifically prohibits the creation of these keys.

Enable an organization policy to prevent service account keys from being created (C):

Google Cloud provides the capability to enforce organizational policies that restrict various actions, including the creation of service account keys. By enabling this policy, you ensure that developers cannot create new user-managed service account keys, thus minimizing the risk of key mismanagement and potential security breaches.

References

Service Accounts documentation

Organization Policy Service documentation

nodeSelector is the simplest recommended form of node selection constraint. You can add the nodeSelector field to your Pod specification and specify the node labels you want the target node to have. Kubernetes only schedules the Pod onto nodes that have each of the labels you specify. => https://kubernetes.io/docs/concepts/scheduling-eviction/assign-pod-node/#nodeselector Tolerations are applied to pods. Tolerations allow the scheduler to schedule pods with matching taints. Tolerations allow scheduling but don 't guarantee scheduling: the scheduler also evaluates other parameters as part of its function. => https://kubernetes.io/docs/concepts/scheduling-eviction/taint-and-toleration/

Objective: Ensure that a Cloud Storage bucket in Project A can only be readable from Project B and prevent data access or copying to Cloud Storage buckets outside the network, even with correct credentials.

Solution: Use VPC Service Controls to create a security perimeter.

Steps:

Step 1: Open the Google Cloud Console.

Step 2: Navigate to the VPC Service Controls page.

Step 3: Create a new service perimeter.

Step 4: Add Project A and Project B to the service perimeter.

Step 5: Include Cloud Storage service in the perimeter configuration.

Step 6: Define access levels to ensure that only resources within the perimeter can access the Cloud Storage bucket.

By setting up a VPC Service Controls perimeter, you can enforce security boundaries that restrict data access and movement to within defined projects, providing an extra layer of protection beyond IAM permissions.

References:

VPC Service Controls Overview

Configuring VPC Service Controls

Understanding Organization Policies:

Organization policies are rules that can be set at different levels of the resource hierarchy in GCP to enforce governance and compliance.

These policies can be set at the organization node, folders, and projects, and they are inherited down the hierarchy unless explicitly overridden.

Hierarchy and Policy Inheritance:

The provided resource hierarchy has an organization node (Example.com), folders (Folder 1 and Folder 2), and a project (Project 2) under Folder 2 with a specific VPC (VPC A).

Each node in the hierarchy can have its own policies, and these policies are inherited by child nodes unless overridden.

Analyzing the Policies in the Hierarchy:

Organization Node Policy:

json

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{ "constraint": "constraints/compute.restrictLoadBalancerCreationForTypes", "listPolicy": { "allValues": "DENY" } }

This policy at the organization node denies all load balancer types.

Folder 2 Policy:

json

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{ "constraint": "constraints/compute.restrictLoadBalancerCreationForTypes", "listPolicy": { "deniedValues": ["INTERNAL_TCP_UDP", "INTERNAL_HTTP_HTTPS"] } }

This policy at Folder 2 denies the creation of INTERNAL_TCP_UDP and INTERNAL_HTTP_HTTPS load balancers.

Project 2 Policy:

json

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{ "constraint": "constraints/compute.restrictLoadBalancerCreationForTypes", "listPolicy": { "deniedValues": ["EXTERNAL_TCP_PROXY", "EXTERNAL_SSL_PROXY"] } }

This policy at Project 2 denies the creation of EXTERNAL_TCP_PROXY and EXTERNAL_SSL_PROXY load balancers.

Policy Application to VPC A:

Since policies are inherited, VPC A (which is within Project 2 under Folder 2) will be affected by the policies of both Folder 2 and Project 2.

Combining the denied values from both Folder 2 and Project 2:

From Folder 2: INTERNAL_TCP_UDP, INTERNAL_HTTP_HTTPS

From Project 2: EXTERNAL_TCP_PROXY, EXTERNAL_SSL_PROXY

Conclusion:

VPC A will have the following load balancer types denied: INTERNAL_TCP_UDP, INTERNAL_HTTP_HTTPS, EXTERNAL_TCP_PROXY, EXTERNAL_SSL_PROXY.

References:

GCP Documentation on Organization Policies

GCP Documentation on Constraints and List Policies

To address inconsistencies in your project's Identity and Access Management (IAM) configuration and gain comprehensive visibility into IAM policy changes, user activity, service account behavior, and access to sensitive projects, leveraging Google Cloud's auditing capabilities is essential.​

Option A: While Cloud Monitoring's metrics explorer can track certain metrics, it is not designed to provide detailed logs of IAM policy changes or user activities.​

Option B: Cloud Audit Logs offer detailed records of administrative activities, including IAM policy changes and authentications. By creating log export sinks, you can forward these logs to a Security Information and Event Management (SIEM) solution, enabling correlation with other event sources and comprehensive analysis. This approach provides the necessary visibility into IAM configurations and user activities.​

Option C: Triggering Cloud Functions based on IAM policy changes and analyzing them with a policy simulator is a proactive approach. However, it may not provide the depth of historical data and comprehensive analysis capabilities that a SIEM solution offers.​

Option D: Deploying the OS Config Management agent focuses on VM configuration and patch management, which does not directly address IAM policy monitoring or user activity tracking.​

Therefore, Option B is the most effective solution to gain detailed visibility into IAM-related activities and address the identified inconsistencies.​

References:

Cloud Audit Logs Overview

Exporting Logs to a SIEM

When creating a secure container image, it is essential to follow best practices to minimize vulnerabilities and ensure the container operates as intended. Here are the two key practices:

Package a Single App as a Container: By packaging only a single application within a container, you reduce complexity and potential attack surfaces. This practice aligns with the principle of single responsibility, ensuring each container has a clear and focused purpose.

Remove Any Unnecessary Tools: Any additional tools or software that are not required by the application should be removed from the container image. This minimizes the number of potential vulnerabilities and reduces the attack surface. A minimal container image also leads to smaller image sizes and faster deployment times.

These practices contribute to creating a more secure and efficient container image.

References

Container Security Best Practices

Securing Container Images

Compute Engine doesn't automatically update the OS or the software on your deployed instances. You will need to patch or update your deployed Compute Engine instances when necessary. However, in the cloud it is not recommended that you patch or update individual running instances. Instead it is best to patch the image that was used to launch the instance and then replace each affected instance with a new copy.

Firewall Rule Analysis: Analyze the existing VPC firewall rules to identify any rules that might allow traffic between VM instances based on the same service account.

Priority Check: Check the priority of these rules. A rule with a priority lower than 1000 (such as 999) will take precedence over your tag-based rules.

Service Account Configuration: Since your VM instances are deployed without any service account customization, they are likely using the default service account. A firewall rule allowing traffic between instances using this default service account will override the tag-based rules if it has a higher priority.

Testing and Validation: Disable or adjust the priority of the rule with priority 999 to test if the tag-based segmentation works correctly. Validate that the traffic is segmented according to your intended configuration. References:

Google Cloud - VPC Firewall Rules

Google Cloud - Service Accounts

To ensure that only trusted container images are deployed on Cloud Run, you can implement Binary Authorization, which is a deploy-time security control that ensures only trusted images are used.

Set Up Binary Authorization:

Navigate to the Google Cloud Console.

Go to Security > Binary Authorization.

Configure the policy to include attestors that verify your trusted images.

Enable Binary Authorization on Cloud Run:

Go to the Cloud Run service.

Enable Binary Authorization on your existing Cloud Run services by selecting the appropriate Binary Authorization policy.

Set Organization Policy:

Go to the Organization Policies page in the Google Cloud Console.

Add a constraint for constraints/run.allowedBinaryAuthorizationPolicies.

Specify the list of allowed Binary Authorization policy names to enforce across your organization.

These steps ensure that any container image deployed on Cloud Run is validated against the specified Binary Authorization policies, preventing untrusted images from being deployed.

References:

Binary Authorization Documentation

Enabling Binary Authorization on Cloud Run