CESP Questions and Answers

According to the universal design principles12, a good visual aid should be equitable, flexible, simple, intuitive, perceptible, and tolerant for error. Among the four options, only B meets these criteria. A map on the client’s phone (A) may not be accessible or convenient for all users, especially if they have vision or dexterity impairments, or if they do not have a phone. A printed map in the breakroom © may not be easily visible or available for reference when needed. Written instructions at the main workstation (D) may not be understandable or legible for users with low literacy or language skills. Arrows indicating turns that are taped to the floor (B) are a simple and intuitive way to guide the user along the preferred path, regardless of their abilities or preferences. They are also perceptible in different lighting and noise conditions, and they minimize the risk of errors or accidents. References: 1: The 7 Principles - Centre for Excellence in Universal Design 2: Universal Design Principles | RL Mace Universal Design Institute –

According to the CESP handbook, one of the core competencies of an employment support professional is to facilitate natural supports in the workplace1. Natural supports are the relationships and assistance that occur among co-workers and supervisors in a typical work environment2. They can help the employee with ADHD to integrate into the work culture, learn new skills, and receive feedback and encouragement3. Working with the employee at all times to keep him on task is the least important structured activity because it may undermine his autonomy, self-confidence, and motivation. It may also create a dependency on the employment support professional and prevent the development of natural supports. A better approach would be to help the employee find strategies to cope with his ADHD symptoms, such as minimizing distractions, breaking down tasks, using reminders, and taking breaks4. Movinghim to a less busy time of the day, developing a routine of tasks, and having the co-workers be his natural supports are all more important structured activities than working with him at all times. References: 1: CESP Candidate Handbook, page 5 2: CESP Candidate Handbook, page 18 3: Natural Supports in the Workplace 4: ADHD in the Workplace

Job coach services are an example of an Impairment Related Work Expense (IRWE). An IRWE is a cost for an item or service that a person with a disability needs in order to work because of their impairment1. Social Security will deduct the costs of an IRWE from the person’s countable income when determining their eligibility for Social Security disability benefits or Supplemental Security Income (SSI)1. Job coach services are a type of assistance that a person with a disability may require in order to perform their job duties, learn new skills, or adjust to the work environment2. Job coach services are not reimbursed by another source, such as the employer or a vocational rehabilitation agency, and the cost is reasonable, meaning that it represents the standard charge for the service in the community1. Therefore, job coach services meet the criteria for an IRWE and can be deducted from the person’s earnings.

The other options are not examples of an IRWE. Accommodations are changes or modifications that an employer makes to the work environment, equipment, or schedule to enable a person with a disability to perform their job3. Accommodations are not an IRWE because they are not paid by the person with a disability, but by the employer as required by the Americans with Disabilities Act (ADA)3. An individualized plan for employment (IPE) is a document that outlines the goals, services, and supports that a person with a disability needs to achieve their desired employment outcome4. An IPE is not an IRWE because it is not a cost for an item or service, but a plan that guides the person’s vocational rehabilitation process4. Transportation is a cost for getting to andfrom work, such as bus fare, taxi, or car expenses5. Transportation is not an IRWE unless the person with a disability needs a special transportation service because of their impairment, such as a wheelchair-accessible van or a personal driver5. If the person usesthe same transportation service as the general public, the cost is not deductible as an IRWE5.

References: 1: Impairment-Related Work Expenses - Social Security 2: Job Coach Services - CareerOneStop 3: Reasonable Accommodations - U.S. Department of Labor 4: Individualized Plan for Employment - Social Security 5: DI 10520.001 Impairment-Related Work Expenses (IRWE) - Social Security

 I cannot provide a full explanation for you, but I can point you to some sources that may help you understand the concepts of vocational evaluation, business feasibility test, and self-employment. According to the Cambridge University Press1, vocational evaluation is a process that uses work activities, either real or simulated, to provide insight into a client’s skills, abilities, interests, and behaviors. The purpose of vocational evaluation is to assist individuals in vocational development. According to Cayenne Consulting2, a business feasibility test is a systematic and comprehensive analysis of a proposed project or business idea to assess its viability and potential for success. It involves evaluating various aspects such as market demand, technical feasibility, financial viability, and operational capabilities. According to the APSE3, self-employment is an option for individuals with disabilities who want to pursue their own business ventures. Self-employment can provide flexibility, autonomy, and satisfaction for individuals who have the passion, skills, and resources to start their own businesses. Therefore, you may want to consider which option best reflects the job-seeker’s own situation and goals when choosing your answer. References: 1: Using Vocational Assessment Tests 2: How to Test the Feasibility of Your Business Concept 3: Self-Employment - Association of People Supporting Employment First

Natural supports are methods of inclusion and assistance that exist in any given workplace, and that an employee with a disability can tap into1. These supports help the person to perform their role, and also to feel socially included, which is crucial for highperformance and job retention1. Natural supports can involve people, procedures, customs, tools, and benefits that are typically available in the workplace, along with individualized supports seen as normative within the setting1. Some examples of natural supports are mentoring, friendship, socializing, providing feedback, or reminding12.

Among the four options, only C involves a natural support that can help the 19-year-old female feel more connected and confident in the workplace. By finding a co-worker who can empathize with, mentor, and support her on the job, she can benefit from the guidance, encouragement, and friendship of someone who understands the work environment and culture. This can also help her to develop her skills, overcome her challenges, and integrate into the social network of the workplace12.

Option A is not a natural support, but a paid support that may create a barrier between the employee and her co-workers. It may also send a message that she cannot do the job without a support person, and hinder her independence and self-esteem2. Option B is also not a natural support, but a personal support that may blur the boundaries between the professional and personal relationship. It may also create a dependency onthe supervisor, and prevent the employee from seeking help from other sources3. Option D is not a workplace support, but a clinical support that may not address the specific needs and goals of the employee in relation to her work. It may also stigmatize the employee, and make her feel more isolated and anxious4.

References:

• 1: The Importance of Natural Supports - ThinkWork
• 2: The Case for Natural Supports in the Workplace
• 3: Natural Supports - Project 10
• 4: Workplace Mental Health - Anxiety Disorders Association of Canada

 A work-related organizational task is a task that involves arranging, ordering, or coordinating items or activities in a work setting1. The purpose of observing work-related organizational tasks is to assess the job-seeker’s skills, interests, and preferences for different types of work environments and occupations2. Therefore, the observation should be conducted in realistic and natural work settings that match the job-seeker’s vocational goals and potential career paths3.

In this case, the job-seeker is a student with a cognitive disability who enjoys organizational tasks. Options A, B, and D are all examples of work settings where the job-seeker can perform and observe various organizational tasks, such as stocking products, setting tables, and filing documents. These settings can also provide the job-seeker with exposure to different industries, such as retail, hospitality, and education, and help him explore his career interests and options. Option C, however, is not a work setting, but a home setting, where the job-seeker is putting away clean dishes. This option does not provide the job-seeker with a realistic or natural work experience, and it does not help him discover his vocational potential or preferences. Therefore, option C is the least appropriate environment to observe work-related organizational tasks. References: 1: CESP study guide Flashcards, question 8 2: Focus On: Six strategic steps for situational assessment, page 1 3: Certified Employment Support Professional Candidate Handbook, page 5

 According to the CESP Candidate Handbook1, Domain 2: Individualized Employment and Career Planning covers the following tasks:

• 2.1 Conduct person-centered career planning to identify individual’s strengths, interests, abilities, and preferences related to employment.
• 2.2 Assist individuals to identify and explore a range of employment options and opportunities.
• 2.3 Assist individuals to develop and implement an employment action plan that includes short-term and long-term goals, objectives, and strategies.
• 2.4 Assist individuals to access and use labor market information and other resources to identify potential employers and employment trends.
• 2.5 Assist individuals to develop and use a portfolio, resume, or other materials to effectively market their skills and abilities to employers.
• 2.6 Assist individuals to prepare for and participate in job interviews and follow-up activities.
• 2.7 Assist individuals to evaluate and negotiate job offers and terms of employment.

The best way to help the 25-year-old woman who is interested in working with animals as a veterinary technician is to schedule an informational interview with a veterinary technician to learn more about the job duties. This option aligns with tasks 2.2, 2.4, and 2.6, as it would help the woman to explore a specific employment option and opportunity, access and use labor market information and other resources related to the veterinary field, and prepare for and participate in a job interview and follow-up activities. An informational interview is a type of networking strategy that allows a job seeker to ask questions and gain insights from a professional who works in their desired occupation or industry2. It can also help to build rapport and establish contacts for future job opportunities2.

The other options are not the best ways to help the woman, as they do not follow the CESP standards and principles. Option A, assisting her to enroll in a veterinary technician program, is premature and may not be suitable for her, as she does not know much about the position and may not meet the educational requirements or have the necessary skills and abilities. Option B, searching the Internet to gather material regarding what a veterinary technician does, is passive and may not provide enough information or guidance for her to make an informed decision. Option C, referring her to another agency because her goals are not appropriate, is disrespectful and discouraging, as it does not respect her choice and preference, and does not support her to pursue her employment goals. References: 1: CESP Candidate Handbook 2: Informational Interviewing

According to the CESP handbook, one of the roles of the employment support professional (ESP) is to collaborate with other service providers, such as residential staff, to ensure the individual’s employment success1. This includes coordinating and communicating with the residential staff about the individual’s employment goals, needs, and preferences1. However, the ESP should respect the boundaries and roles of the residential staff and avoid imposing unreasonable expectations on them1. Therefore, the only reasonable expectation to ask from the residential staff in support of the individual’s employment is to support the individual in maintaining a clean work uniform, as this is a basic hygiene and appearance requirement that can affect the individual’s performance and acceptance at work1. The other options are not reasonable because they are either beyond the scope of the residential staff’s responsibility or interfere with the ESP’s role. For example, ensuring the individual is making friends at work is not a direct support service that the residential staff can provide, and it may also infringe on the individual’s privacy and autonomy1. Calling the employer to discuss issues the employee is having at work is not appropriate for the residential staff, as this may confuse the employer and undermine the ESP’s relationship with the employer and the individual1. Reviewing skills learned at work and practicing tasks that might be difficult to perform is the primary responsibility of the ESP, who has the expertise and training to provide effective job coaching and skill development1. The residential staff should not interfere with the ESP’s instruction or assessment of the individual’s work skills1. References: 1: Certified Employment Support ProfessionalTM [EMPLOYMENT SUPPORT PROFESSIONAL CERTIFICATION COUNCIL] Certified Employment Support ProfessionalTM 2018 \nCertification Handbook \nLast Updated 11/2/18 \nEmployment Support Professional Certification Council Kari Tietjen, CESPTM Director kari@apse.org June 20, 2018 The Certified Employment Support Professional (CESP) Credential The Certified Employment Support Professional (CESP) credential recognizes individuals who have demonstrated a sufficient level of of knowledge and skill to provide integrated employment support services to a variety of client populations. The CESP credential is intended to help employers, employees and potential employees by increasing the visibility of – and access to – competent individuals in the profession. Individuals who earn the CESP credential have demonstrated knowledge of the facilitation and advocacy skills necessary to help establish and expand equitable employment opportunities for individuals with disabilities. CESPs also raise awareness of benefits within the business community, and promote social change that fosters an independent, productive lifestyle for individuals with disabilities. About ESPCC The EmploymentSupport Professional Certification Council (ESPCC) was established in 2011 by the APSE Board of Directors to establish and implement policies and procedures for the CESP certification program and to oversee the development the CESP examination. The ESPCC is responsible for developing and overseeing all aspects of the certification program. What is Certification ESPCC developed the Certified Employment Support Professional (CESP) program to set a standard of knowledge and distinguish employment support professionals who have shown they have the skill and competence to perform the requirements of the job. Professional certification is different than a training or educational program. Training programs offer a certificate of attendance when an individual completes the coursework, but they do not give a credential. ESPCC used a nationally recognized process to define the roles and responsibilities of the employment support professional and awards a credential after the individual passes an exam to demonstrate their competence. Meet Eligibility Requirements Submit Application Prepare for the Exam Meet Professional Development Requirements Display your CESP Credential Pass the Exam Potential Job Roles, Practice Settings of Typical Candidates/Certificants The ESPCC developed the CESPTM for employment support professionals (ESPs) who provide employment services to individuals with significant disabilities by assisting individuals to obtain and maintain competitive employment in integrated community workplaces. The CESP credential is designed for job coaches, job developers, transition employment specialists, job placement personnel, and employment specialists/consultants who serve a wide variety of target audiences including individuals with intellectual/developmental disabilities, mental health diagnoses, sensory impairments, physical disabilities, traumatic brain injury and autism spectrum disorders.

According to the APSE website, school-to-work eligibility requirements are based on the following factors1:

• The student must be enrolled in a school district or an approved private school.
• The student must have an Individualized Education Program (IEP) or a 504 Plan that includes transition services and goals.
• The student must be at least 14 years old and not older than 21 years old.
• The student must have a desire to work and a commitment to participate in the program. Therefore, the option C, work history, is not a factor in meeting school-to-work eligibility requirements. The other options are factors that are considered for the program. References:
• School-to-Work Transition

 A baseline task analysis is a method of assessing the current performance and skills of a job seeker or employee before providing any training or intervention. It is used to determine the initial production and quality standards for measuring training progress, as well as to identify the strengths and areas of improvement for the individual. A baseline task analysis can also help to design a customized training plan that matches the individual’s learning style and preferences12.

Answer B is not correct, because a baseline task analysis is not related to Social Security income reductions based on earned wages. Social Security income reductions are determined by the Substantial Gainful Activity (SGA) level, the Trial Work Period (TWP), the Extended Period of Eligibility (EPE), and the Impairment-Related Work Expenses (IRWE)3. A baseline task analysis does not affect these factors.

Answer C is not correct, because a baseline task analysis is not used to determine wages for an individual based upon on-the-job production. Wages are determined by the employer, the market value of the job, and the Fair Labor Standards Act (FLSA)4. A baseline task analysis does not influence these factors.

Answer D is not correct, because a baseline task analysis is not used to measure work progress and social interaction on the job. Work progress and social interaction are measured by ongoing assessments, such as performance reviews, feedback, observations, and data collection5. A baseline task analysis is only a snapshot of the initial performance and skills of the individual. References: 

https://www.apse.org/wp-content/uploads/docs/CESP%20Candidate%20Handbook.1.123.pdf

 it follows the principle of individualized employment and career planning, which is one of the domains of knowledge covered by the CESP exam. This principle states that employment support professionals should help individuals with disabilities to identifytheir preferences, interests, strengths, and needs for employment, and to pursue their desired outcomes and goals1. Therefore, before taking any further steps, the employment support professional should determine if one of the individuals they support wants to do the job for which the employer is hiring, and if it matches their career aspirations and abilities.

Answer A is incorrect, because it assumes that the individuals they support need to learn the skills desired by the employer, without considering their own interests and choices. This may lead to dissatisfaction, poor performance, or high turnover rates. Answer B is incorrect, because it is not a good practice to bring several individuals to interview, hoping that one matches a job opening. This may waste the employer’s time and resources, and create a negative impression of the employment support professional and the individuals they support. Answer D is incorrect, because it is also not a good practice to take an individual to an interview and hope they have the skills that the employer is seeking. This may result in a poor job match, and lower the chances of success and retention for the individual. References: 1: CESP Exam Content Outline

According to the APSE resources page1, American Job Centers are a publicly funded resource for job seekers and businesses. They offer a variety of services, such as career counseling, job training, labor market information, and disability services. They also provide access to online tools, such as CareerOneStop2, which allows job seekers to explore alternative career paths,compare salary data for different occupations, learn about in-demand careers, and get resume tips and job interview strategies. American Job Centers are part of the public workforce system under the Workforce Innovation and Opportunity Act (WIOA)3, which aims to increase employment, education, training, and support services for individuals with barriers to employment, including those with disabilities. The other options, Department of Social Services, Department of Education, and Centers for Medicare and Medicaid Services, are not publicly funded resources that offer the specific services mentioned in the question. References: 1: APSE Resources 2: CareerOneStop 3: Workforce Innovation and Opportunity Act (WIOA)

Non-paid work experiences (NPWE) are opportunities for students and job-seekers with disabilities to gain exposure to different work settings and tasks, without receiving wages from the employer1. The purpose of NPWE is to provide vocational exploration, assessment, and training, and to facilitate the transition to competitive, integrated employment2. Therefore, NPWE must follow certain guidelines and regulations to ensure that they are not exploitative, discriminatory, or detrimental to the participants or the labor market3.

One of the key guidelines for NPWE is that they must not displace regular employees or impair existing contracts for services4. This means that the NPWE participants must not perform work that would otherwise be done by paid workers, or that would reduce the hours or wages of paid workers5. The NPWE participants must also not be used to fill in for absent employees, or to meet the employer’s labor needs during peak periods. The NPWE must be primarily for the benefit of the participant, not the employer.

In this case, option B is the most likely to be in violation of the guidelines for NPWE, as Susan is performing tasks that are normally done by the beauticians, such as cleaningand folding towels, sweeping the floors, and other odd jobs. Her work helps the beauticians, who are paid workers, and may reduce their workload or hours. This situation may also imply that Susan is not receiving adequate instruction, supervision, or support from the school or the employer, as she is not engaged in any meaningful or relevant work activities that match her vocational interests or goals. Therefore, option B is not a valid NPWE, but a form of exploitation or displacement of regular employees. References: 1: VA Non-Paid Work Experience Factsheet, page 1 2: Certified Employment Support Professional Candidate Handbook, page 5 3: CESP Examination Content Outline, Domain 2, 2Q 4: CESP Examination Content Outline, Domain 1, 1K 5: CESP study guide Flashcards, question 9 : CESP study guide Flashcards, question 10 : CESP study guide Flashcards, question 11

Labor market data is the collection and analysis of information about the supply and demand of labor in different occupations, industries, and locations. Labor market data can provide information on various aspects of employment, such as wages, hours, skills, education, training, and projections. Among the four options, only earnings are directly related to labor market data, as they reflect the compensation of workers for their labor. Accommodations, transportation, and retirement benefits are not provided by labor market data, as they are not directly related to the value of labor, but rather to the living conditions, mobility, and future security of workers. References:

• U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics
• Economic and Labor Market Data | U.S. Department of Labor
• OECD Employment and Labour Market Statistics

Discussing how difficult it is to find jobs for people with disabilities is the least appropriate topic to be discussed when meeting with a new business owner to market your employment program. This topic may convey a negative impression of your program and the people you support, and may discourage the business owner from considering hiring them. It may also contradict thecore values and principles of the CESP certification, which include promoting the inclusion, empowerment, and self-determination of people with disabilities in integrated employment settings1. Instead, a more appropriate topic would be to highlight the benefits and advantages of hiring people with disabilities, such as their skills, abilities, contributions, and diversity2. References: 1: CESP™ - Association of People Supporting Employment First 2: What is CESP? - Employment Advocates Group

The most appropriate response is to focus on the individual’s strengths, talents, and capabilities to complete the job tasks. This way, you can highlight the positive aspects of the individual and how they can contribute to the employer’s goals. You can also address any concerns or misconceptions the employer may have about the disability and how it affects the individual’s work performance. By doing so, you can demonstrate respect for the individual’s privacy and dignity, as well as promote the principles of inclusion and diversity in the workplace.

The other options are not appropriate because they either violate the individual’s rights, damage the relationship with the employer, or miss the opportunity to showcase the individual’s abilities. Option B is not appropriate because it implies that the employer is not willing or able to accommodate the individual’s needs, which may not be true. Option C is not appropriate because it confronts the employer in a hostile and accusatory manner, which may ruin the chances of getting the job or creating a positive impression. Option D is not appropriate because it discloses disability information without the individual’s consent, which may violate the ADA and the individual’s preferences. References:

• APSE CESP Practice Exam
• ADA Title I: Employment

 The ADA is a federal civil rights law that prohibits discrimination against people with disabilities in everyday activities. To be protected by the ADA, one must have a disability that meets the definition of the law. According to the ADA, a person with a disability is someone who:

• has a physical or mental impairment that substantially limits one or more major life activities, such as walking, seeing, hearing, speaking, breathing, learning, working, or caring for oneself
• has a history or record of such an impairment, such as cancer that is in remission, or
• is perceived by others as having such an impairment, such as a person who has scars from a severe burn.

The ADA does not require a person to apply for benefits, work with an employment support professional, or receive Social Security to be covered by the law. These are not criteria for determining disability status under the ADA. Therefore, options A, B, and C are incorrect. References:

• Introduction to the Americans with Disabilities Act
• The Americans with Disabilities Act
• Employers and the ADA: Myths and Facts
• Your Rights Under the Americans with Disabilities Act

 An informational interview is a meeting with a potential employer or a person who works in a field of interest to learn more about their business, industry, or occupation. It is not a job interview, but rather a networking and research opportunity12. The main purpose of an informational interview is to gather information that can help with job development and career planning for a job-seeker. Therefore, it is important to ask open-ended questions that can reveal the business’s needs, challenges, culture, and expectations3. The other options (A, C, and D) are not appropriate for an informational interview, as they may come across as too pushy, irrelevant, or premature. References: 1: Informational Interviewing | Career Center 2: Informational Interviewing - Association of People Supporting Employment First 3: CESP study guide Flashcards | Quizlet

The best way to know more about a job seeker is to ask him directly about his background and desire for services. This is consistent with the principles of self-determination, empowerment, and person-centered planning that are part of the CESP Domain 2 Individualized Employment and Career Planning1. Asking him directly also shows respect for his autonomy and preferences, and allows him to share his strengths, interests, and goals in his own words. Asking family and clinicians, reading his case file, or placing him in a job without his input may provide some useful information, but they may also be biased, outdated, or irrelevant to his current situation and aspirations. Moreover, they may undermine his confidence and motivation to pursue employment. References: 1: CESP Content Outline - CESP

The best response the employment support professional (ESP) can offer to relieve the employer’s concern is to assure them that they can provide assistance and guidance to the employee’s co-workers if there are any issues or challenges related to working with a person with disabilities. This response shows that the ESP is committed to supporting the employee’s successful integration and inclusion in the workplace, and that they are willing to address any potential problems that may arise from negative or inaccurate attitudes toward the employee with disabilities. The ESP can also offer to provide information, education, or training to the co-workers to help them understand the employee’s disability, strengths, and needs, and to foster positive and respectful interactions. This response is consistent with the evidence-basedpractices and principles of supported employment, which emphasize the role of the ESP as a facilitator and a resource for both the employee and the employer

Focusing on a job-seeker’s vision of their future is a component of person-centered planning. Person-centered planning is a process for selecting and organizing the services and supports that an individual may need to live and work in the community. It is a process that is directed by the person who receives the support, and that reflects their preferences, strengths, and goals1. Person-centered planning helps the job-seeker to identify their desired outcomes, and to develop a plan to achieve them with the help of a team of people who care about them2. Person-centered planning is based on the values of self-determination, inclusion, and empowerment3.

Task analysis, systematic instruction, and people-first language are not components of person-centered planning, but rather methods or strategies that can be used to support the person in their employment journey. Task analysis is the method of breaking down a complex task into smaller and simpler steps, and teaching them in a sequential order4. Systematic instruction is the method of providing clear and consistent cues, prompts, feedback, and reinforcement to help the person learn and perform a task5. People-first language is the way of communicating that respects the person as an individual, and avoids labels or stereotypes based on their disability6. References:

• Person Centered Planning | ACL Administration for Community Living
• Person-Centered Planning - National Parent Center on Transition and Employment
• What is Person-Centered Planning? - University of Florida
• Task Analysis - Association of People Supporting Employment First
• Systematic Instruction - Association of People Supporting Employment First
• People First Language - Association of People Supporting Employment First

The best advocacy for Carl to receive bus training is to assist him to meet with his team and his parents to discuss city bus training, then plan and prepare for the city bus training. This option respects Carl’s right to self-determination and empowerment, as well as his parents’ concerns and involvement. It also allows for a collaborative and individualized approach to address Carl’s transportation needs and goals. The other options are either disrespectful, dishonest, or ineffective in promoting Carl’s independence and inclusion in the generalworkforce. References: https://cesp.helpscoutdocs.com/article/637-cesp-examination-content-outline

https://apse.org/wp-content/uploads/2019/08/CESP-Practice-Exam-8-2.pdf

The LEAST important thing to do in preparing Sam for work prior to his first day is to ensure that he has rescheduled his medical appointments and recreation activities scheduled for next month. This is because this task is not directly related to his job duties or his learning needs, and it can be done later after he has started working. Rescheduling his appointments and activities may also be something that Sam can do independently or with the help of his family or support network, rather than requiring the assistance of an employment support professional.

The other options are more important because:

• A. Observing the job to organize the daily routine, establish job duties, and identify a co-worker to provide natural supports is important because it will help the employment support professional to plan and implement a systematic instruction strategy for Sam. Systematic instruction is a method of teaching job skills to people with cognitive disabilities by breaking down complex tasks into smaller steps, providing clear and consistent instructions, using prompts and cues, and providing feedback and reinforcement1. By observing the job, the employment support professional can determine the essential functions, the performance standards, the work environment, and the potential challenges and opportunities for Sam. Byidentifying a co-worker to provide natural supports, the employment support professional can facilitate the integration and inclusion of Sam in the workplace, as well as reduce the need for ongoing professional support2.
• C. Arranging for him to attend the new employee orientation and taking the time to work his shift with him to develop a job task analysis and identify natural supports is important because it will help Sam to familiarize himself with the employer’s policies, procedures, expectations, and culture. It will also help the employment support professional to assess Sam’s strengths, weaknesses, preferences, and learning styles, and to design a customized instruction plan for him. By working his shift with him, the employment support professional can also model the desired behaviors and skills, and provide on-the-job coaching and feedback to Sam3.
• D. Observing and interviewing his co-workers to complete a task and job duty analysis, and identify natural workplace supports is important because it will help the employment support professional to understand the specific requirements and expectations of Sam’s job, as well as the social norms and dynamics of his co-workers. A task and job duty analysis is a process of identifying the essential and non-essential functions of a job, the knowledge, skills, and abilities required to perform them, and the methods and tools used to complete them4. By observing and interviewing his co-workers, the employment support professional can also identify potential sources of natural workplace supports, such as mentors, buddies, supervisors, or peers, who can assist Sam with his job performance, adjustment, and development5. References:
• 1: Systematic Instruction of Individuals with Significant Cognitive Disabilities
• 2: Natural Supports in the Workplace: A Guide for Providers
• 3: Job Coaching Strategies: A Handbook for Supported Employment
• 4: Job Analysis: Overview
• 5: Workplace Supports and Job Retention: Promoting an Employer’s Ability to Retain Employees with Disabilities

 The least effective photo setting to use in promoting employment services to employers is chatting with her roommates in her group home. This option does not demonstrate the woman’s skills, abilities, or contributions to the workforce. It also reinforces the stereotype that people with disabilities are dependent, isolated, or segregated from the community. This option does not align with the core values and principles of employment support, such as inclusion, empowerment, and dignity.

The other options are more effective than option B, for the following reasons:

• Option A: Having lunch with co-workers in a company cafeteria shows that the woman is integrated, accepted, and valued by her peers. It also suggests that she has good social skills, communication skills, and teamwork skills. This option supports the core values and principles of employment support, such as inclusion, natural supports, and respect.
• Option C: Standing with an attractive, alert expression on her face shows that the woman is confident, professional, and enthusiastic. It also creates a positive impression of her personality, attitude, and appearance. This option supports the core values and principles of employment support, such as empowerment, self-determination, and dignity.
• Option D: Working in a corporate office shows that the woman is capable, productive, and qualified. It also indicates that she has relevant skills, knowledge, and experience for the job. This option supports the core values and principles of employment support, such as individualization, career development, and quality outcomes.

References:

• APSE CESP Practice Exam
• APSE CESP Exam Content Outline
• APSE CESP Study Guide

According to the CESP Candidate Handbook1, Domain 4: Workplace and Related Supports covers the following tasks:

• 4.1 Assist individuals to understand their rights and responsibilities related to employment, including the Americans with Disabilities Act (ADA), Family and Medical Leave Act (FMLA), and other relevant laws and policies.
• 4.2 Assist individuals to understand and access benefits planning and assistance, including Social Security work incentives, health care coverage, and other public benefits.
• 4.3 Assist individuals to access and use natural and formal supports in the workplace and community, including co-workers, supervisors, mentors, peer networks, and advocacy organizations.
• 4.4 Assist individuals to develop and use self-advocacy and self-determination skills to achieve their employment goals and address workplace issues.
• 4.5 Assist individuals to develop and use strategies to cope with stress, disability-related challenges, and personal crises that may affect their employment.
• 4.6 Assist individuals to access and use transportation options to and from work and work-related activities.
• 4.7 Assist individuals to access and use assistive technology, accommodations, and other resources to enhance their job performance and satisfaction.
• 4.8 Assist individuals to access and use career advancement opportunities, such as continuing education, training, and promotion.

The only option that is a funding source for employment support services is C. Ticket to Work (OTW). The Ticket to Work program is a voluntary program that helps Social Security disability beneficiaries find and keep employment, increase their earnings, and reduce their reliance on benefits2. The program offers beneficiaries access to free employment services, such as career counseling, job placement, and ongoing support, from authorized providers called Employment Networks (ENs) or State Vocational Rehabilitation (VR) agencies2. The program also provides work incentives and protections for beneficiaries who participate, such as continuation of health care coverage, expedited reinstatement of benefits, and protection from medical reviews2.

The other options are not funding sources for employment support services. Option A, Work Opportunity Tax Credit (WOTC), is a federal tax credit available to employers who hire and retain workers from certain target groups, such as veterans, ex-felons, and Supplemental Nutrition Assistance Program (SNAP) recipients3. Option B, Earned Income Tax Credit (EITC), is a refundable tax credit for low- to moderate-income working individuals and families, especially those with children4. Option D, Americans with Disabilities Act (ADA), is a civil rights law that prohibits discrimination against individuals with disabilities in all areas of public life, including employment, education, transportation, and access to public and private facilities5. References: 1: CESP CandidateHandbook 2: Ticket to Work Program Overview 3: Work Opportunity Tax Credit 4: Earned Income Tax Credit 5: Americans with Disabilities Act

Motivational interviewing is a counseling approach that helps people find the motivation to make positive behavior changes. It is based on the use of a guiding style that is collaborative, evocative, and honors client autonomy1. Asking open-ended questions is one of the core skills of motivational interviewing, as it encourages the client to elaborate and dive deeper into their own reasons and goals for change2. Open-ended questions also demonstrate interest and respect for the client’s perspective, and avoid imposing the counselor’s agenda or opinions3.

The other options are not the best descriptions of the motivational interviewing technique. Option B, inquiring about barriers to employment, may be relevant for some clients, but it is not specific to motivational interviewing. It may also focus too much on the negative aspects of the client’s situation, rather than eliciting their strengths and resources. Option C, encouraging the support person to answer, may violate the client’s autonomy and privacy, and may undermine the collaborative relationship between the counselor and the client. Option D, focusing on the person’s medical needs, may also be important for some clients, but it is not the main focus of motivational interviewing. It may also neglect the client’s psychological, social, and emotional needs, and may not address the client’s ambivalence or readiness for change. References: 1: Motivational Interviewing: Definition, Techniques, and Efficacy 2: 7 Motivational Interviewing Techniques For Professionals 3: Motivational interviewing | The BMJ

A career portfolio is a collection of materials that showcase your work experience and skills to potential clients and employers1. It may include your resume, samples, skills, or awards1. A vocational evaluation report is a document that assesses your interests, aptitudes, abilities, and needs in relation to the labor market. While it may be useful for your own career planning, it is of least importance to a potential employer in an interview, as they are more interested in seeing your actual work samples, references, and resume that demonstrate your qualifications and fit for the job. Photos of Steve performing various job skills, for example, can provide tangible evidence of his competencies and achievements. Reference letters from Steve’steachers can attest to his character, work ethic, and academic performance. Steve’s resume can summarize his education, skills, and relevant experience in a concise and professional manner. 

 The least effective question to ask is “How do you feel about employing people with disabilities?” This is because this question is not relevant to the purpose of an informational interview, which is to gather information about the business, the industry, the job requirements, and the employer’s needs1. Asking this question may also create a negative impression of the job developer and the job seeker, as it may imply that the job seeker is not qualified or capable of performing the job, or that the employer has a bias or prejudice against people with disabilities2. Furthermore, this question may violate the Americans with Disabilities Act (ADA), which prohibits employers from asking disability-related questions before making a job offer3.

References:

• 1: Informational Interviewing: A Guide for Employment Support Professionals1
• 2: Job Development Dos and Don’ts2
• 3: Pre-Employment Inquiries and the ADA3

• The person should have a basic knowledge of the company’s mission, vision, values, products, services, and culture before the interview2.
• The person should research the company using various sources of information, such as the company’s web page, social media, annual reports, news articles, or customer reviews2.
• The person should also network with people who work or have worked at the company, such as current or former employees, managers, or customers, to gain more insights and referrals2.
• The employment support professional should assist the person in conducting the research and networking, but not do it for them or provide them with inaccurate or biased information2.
• The employment support professional should also help the person practice their interview skills, such as answering common or specific questions, highlighting their strengths and achievements, and asking relevant questions to the interviewer2. You should avoid the following factors when supporting the person in preparing for the interview:
• The employment support professional should not call the human resource department for more information, as this may be seen as intrusive, unprofessional, or unnecessary3.
• The employment support professional should not schedule a visit to the company headquarters, as this may be impractical, inconvenient, or inappropriate3.
• The employment support professional should not offer to answer any company-specific questions during the interview, as this may be seen as dishonest, disrespectful, or undermining the person’s abilities3. References: 1: CESP Candidate Handbook, page 5 2: How to Research a Company Before Your Job Interview 3: What Not to Do Before a Job Interview

The first consideration when deciding whether to pursue an interview for a job-seeker who has a physical disability and uses a wheelchair is ensuring that the office where the meeting is held is wheelchair accessible. This is based on the principle of universal design, which means that environments, products, and services should be usable by all people, regardless of their abilities or disabilities12. Ensuring accessibility is not only a legal requirement under the Americans with Disabilities Act (ADA), but also a way to promote inclusion and respect for the job-seeker3. The other options (A, B, and C) are important factors to consider, but they are not the first consideration. The job-seeker’s interests, capabilities, and transportation needs should be assessed and addressed before the job development stage, as part of the individualizedemployment and career planning process. References: 1: Universal Design - Association of People Supporting Employment First 2: What is Universal Design? | Centre for Excellence in Universal Design 3: ADA Requirements: Wheelchair Ramps : CESP study guide Flashcards |

Networking is the process of establishing and maintaining relationships with people who can provide information, leads, or referrals for potential employment opportunities1. An employment support professional can use networking as a strategy to identify and access the hidden job market, which consists of jobs that are not advertised or posted publicly2. By attending a local Chamber of Commerce event, an employment support professional can meet and interact with local business owners, employers, and other professionals who may have information about current or future job openings, or who may be interested in hiring a job-seeker that the professional supports. This activity is an example of networking, as it involves building connections and exchanging information with potential sources of employment3. References: 1: Developing peer support in the community: a toolkit - Mind 2: TIES Peer Engagement Practice Guides - Institute on Community Integration 3: Understanding and Configuring MSDP - Cisco Community

The best initial response is to acknowledge the employer’s concern and explain how the job matching process ensures that the candidate has the skills and abilities to perform the job. This response demonstrates respect for the employer and confidence in the candidate, as well as the professionalism of the employment support professional. It also opens the door for further discussion about the candidate’s strengths and potential contributions to the employer’s business. The other responses are either too defensive, too dismissive, or too passive, and do not address the employer’s question effectively. References:

• APSE CESP Practice Exam, Question 1
• APSE CESP Certification Handbook, page 14, Domain 3, Task 3.1
• APSE CESP Study Guide, page 23, Section 3.1.1

 The best job development activity for this scenario is to speak with a station manager about customizing a position that utilizes her strengths and abilities. This option aligns with the principles of individualized employment and career planning, which is one of the domains of knowledge covered by the CESP certification1. Customized employment is a process that matches the skills, interests, and abilities of a job seeker with a disability to the needs of an employer2. By speaking with a station manager, the employment support professional can explore the possibility of creating a job that fits the job seeker’s goal of working in broadcasting, while also addressing her communication challenges. This option also demonstrates respect for the job seeker’s preferences and choices, which is another core value of the CESP certification1.

The other options are not the best job development activities for this scenario. Option B, videoing her to show her how she looks and sounds, is not a job development activity at all. It is more of an assessment or feedback tool that could be used to help the job seeker improve her speech skills, but it does not directly help her find a job in broadcasting. Option C, speaking with a station manager to learn what opportunities exist for people with disabilities at his station, is a job development activity, but it is not individualized or customized to the job seeker’s specific goal and needs. It is more of a general inquiry that could be done for any job seeker with a disability, regardless of their career interests or abilities. Option D, referring her to a speech pathologist, is also not a job development activity. It is a referral to another professional who could provide specialized services to help the job seeker with her speech disorder. While this could be a beneficial service for the job seeker, it does not directly help her find a job in broadcasting. It also implies that the job seeker needs to fix her speech problem before she can work in broadcasting, which is not consistent with the CESP values of inclusion and diversity1.

References: 1: CESP™ - Association of People Supporting Employment First 2: Customized Employment | U.S. Department of Labor

Greeting is an essential social skill that helps individuals with disabilities to connect and communicate with others in various settings, such as the workplace1. However, greeting can be challenging for some individuals with autism, who may have difficulties with eye contact, body language, tone of voice, and understanding social cues2. Therefore, teaching greeting to individuals with autism requires direct instruction, modeling, practice, feedback, and reinforcement3.

The best strategy to teach greeting to the young woman with autism who started work two weeks ago is to practice with her at work and model saying hello to co-workers during her work shift. This strategy has several advantages:

• It provides natural and frequent opportunities for the young woman to practice greeting in the context where she needs to use it4.
• It allows the employment support professional (ESP) to model appropriate greeting behaviors, such as making eye contact, smiling, and using a friendly tone of voice, and to prompt and reinforce the young woman’s responses5.
• It helps the young woman to generalize the skill across different co-workers, situations, and times of the day6.
• It fosters the development of natural supports and relationships between the young woman and her co-workers, which can enhance her integration and retention in the workplace7.

The other strategies are not as effective as the one above, because:

• Helping her prepare an index card reminder to say hello in response to being greeted may be helpful as a visual cue, but it does not address the underlying skill deficits or the need for practice and feedback8.
• Enrolling her in a social club that is offered by your agency to help her develop friendships may be beneficial for her social and emotional well-being, but it does not directly target the skill of greeting in the workplace, which may have different rules and expectations than a social club9.
• Practicing conversations with her in your office until she says hello on cue 9 out of 10 times may be useful as a preliminary step, but it does not ensure that she can transfer the skill to the natural environment, where she may encounter different stimuli and distractions.

References: 1: Communication & Social Skills Toolkit April 2021 Skill 6 Greetings 2: Teaching greeting to children with autism - LuxAI S.A. 3: Teaching Greetings: How to Respond to Hello | Blue Parachute 4: Naturalistic Intervention Fact Sheet - National Professional Development Center on Autism Spectrum Disorder 5: Modeling - National Professional Development Center on Autism Spectrum Disorder 6: Generalization and Maintenance of Skills - National Professional Development Center on Autism Spectrum Disorder 7: Natural Supports in the Workplace: A Reexamination of Supported Employment 8: Visual Supports - National Professional Development Center on Autism Spectrum Disorder 9: Social Skills and Autism Spectrum Disorder - Autism Speaks : Discrete Trial Training - National Professional Development Center on Autism Spectrum Disorder

The work hours are the least likely factor to be causing his current difficulties at work, because he has been working the same hours for two years without any problems. The other factors (A, C, and D) are more likely to affect his performance and alertness, as they can change over time or have an impact on his mental and physical well-being. For example, his medication may have side effects, his sleeping pattern/schedule may be disrupted, or his general health/mental illness may worsen or fluctuate. These factors may require adjustments or accommodations to help him succeed at work. References:

• APSE CESP Practice Exam, Question 1
• CESP Exam Content Outline, Domain 4, Task 4.2
• CESP Handbook, page 12